Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Race

(Work In Progress: output at 29/12/2025 19:14:53)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. The topic of Race has a rather tenuous connection to my Thesis as a sub-topic of Narrative Identity².
  2. However, given how important racial identity is to some people (maybe to all, but tacitly so for the dominant race in a society³), I ought at least to touch on the subject.
  3. For some people, their race affiliation is key to who they see themselves to be and where they belong. For racists, race is definitive of a person’s status and value.
  4. There seems to be some disagreement about whether “races” actually exist. See Aeon – Hochman – Is ‘race’ modern?⁴.
  5. Certainly, genetic differences – while obvious – are both overplayed (by racists) and underplayed (by their opponents). Racial ‘problems’ are now largely social, especially in the USA.
  6. I have little sympathy for the ‘reparations industry’. "Lambrecht (Felix) - Reparative Justice for Historical Injustice", which is supportive, may set out some of the issues for the topic of PID.
  7. As this is such a sensitive subject, I don’t intend to say any more for now.

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. The subject of Race is such a hot topic at the moment, that I really ought to study something about it so I can talk sensibly and critique what others say, rather than relying on my intuitions⁵ (otherwise known as “prejudices” – a term to be avoided in this context).
  2. Of late, Race has been overtaken by one aspect – the “Black Lives Matter” movement. Clearly, this is important, but it does seem to suggest that race and racism only apply to “Blacks”, and that the major issue historically was slavery. However, until the 17th and 18th centuries slavery had little to do with “colour” as slaves had been taken from conquered peoples of any ethnicity during Classical times and captured by raiding or trade – especially Slavs, though also Africans – by Muslims.
  3. There’s a useful little BBC page on ancient & medieval philosophers’ misguided views on slavery: "BBC - Philosophers justifying slavery".
  4. There has been much criticism in the UK (and elsewhere, such as India) of “the British” (whoever they were) and their Empire. I’m sure there’s a lot to answer for, though maybe less so when judged by the standards, exigencies and knowledge of the time(s), but it’s worth absorbing some of the detail from a variety of political standpoints. My position is that – whatever criticisms can be levelled at “empire” – the historical choice wasn’t between empire and no empire, but between one empire and another. It is doubtful whether the British empire was worse than the alternatives at the time, or the historical precedents.
  5. So, I’ve divided the reading lists between “Race” and “Empire”. The default where there’s a cross-over is the former category.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "BBC - Philosophers justifying slavery", 2014, External Link, Read
  2. "Hochman (Adam) - Is ‘race’ modern?", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read⁶, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Abdessamad (Farah) - My elusive pain", 2024, External Link
    2. "Aeon - Video - 4124.GreyKey", 2023, External Link
    3. "Aeon - Video - Don't go tellin' your momma", 2022, External Link
    4. "Aeon - Video - Ndagukunda déjà (I Love You, Already)", 2023, External Link
    5. "Aeon - Video - Shattering stars", 2024, External Link
    6. "Aeon - Video - The Black cop: a victim, a villain and a hero", 2022, External Link
    7. "Agadjanian (Alexander) - If racial identity can be fluid, who changes their race?", 2023, External Link
    8. "Bhagabati (Dikshit Sarma) - India and indigeneity", 2024, External Link
    9. "Brewer (Holly) - Slavery-entangled philosophy", 2018, External Link
    10. "Curry (Devin Sanchez) - Why academia should embrace ‘Grandma’s metaphysics’", 2022, External Link
    11. "Grant (Colin) - My blackness", 2023, External Link
    12. "Green (Toby) - After slavery", 2021, External Link
    13. "Kanjwal (Hafsa) - Colonies of former colonies", 2024, External Link
    14. "Middleton (Guy D.) - The horrors of Pompeii", 2023, External Link
    15. "Rouighi (Ramzi) - Race on the mind", 2019, External Link
    16. "Saul (Jennifer) - Beyond dogwhistles – racists have a new rhetorical trick", 2024, External Link
    17. "Sharma (Kanika) - What’s in the rule of law?", 2024, External Link
    18. "Taiwo (Olufemi) - It never existed", 2023, External Link
    19. "Toner (Jerry) - Slaves or wage slaves", 2015, External Link
    20. "Walker (Lydia) - What is decolonisation?", 2024, External Link
    21. "Wirzbicki (Peter) - Ralph Waldo Emerson would really hate your Twitter feed", 2021, External Link
    22. "Zellmer (Jacob) - Baffled by human diversity", 2024, External Link
  • Empire:
    1. "Dalziel (Nigel) - The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire", 2006, Book
    2. "Eaton (Richard M.) - India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765", 2020, Book, Footnote₇
    3. "Ferguson (Niall) - Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World", 2018, Book
    4. "Keay (John) - India: A History", 2010, Book
    5. "Paxman (Jeremy) - Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British", 2012, Book
  • Empire - Aeon:
    1. "Green (Toby) - Africa, in its fullness", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Neumeyer (Joy) - The discontent of Russia", 2022, External Link
  • General:
    1. "BBC - Philosophers justifying slavery", 2014, External Link
    2. "BBC, Bloom (Ben) - Black, white and shades of grey – what’s behind sprint’s race divide?", 2024, External Link
    3. "Edwards (Dave) - The concept of race is a social construct"
    4. "Moreno Figueroa (Monica), Jolin (Lucy) - A world without oppression to you", 2023
  • Race:
    1. "Butler (Isaac) - Why Is Othello Black?", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Curran (Andrew) - Facing America's History Of Racism Requires Facing The Origins Of 'Race' As A Concept", 2020, Write-Up Note₈, External Link
    3. "Fetzer (James) - The evolution of intelligence: TOC & Preface", 2005
    4. "McWhorter (John) - Don't Believe the Hype About Aborigines, Yiddish, or Ebonics", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Murray (Douglas) - The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity", 2020, Book
    6. "Olusoga (David) - Black and British: A Forgotten History", 2017, Book
    7. "Watkin (Christopher) - Christianity and critical race theory", 2022, External Link
    8. "Waxman (Olivia B.) - 'Critical Race Theory Is Simply the Latest Bogeyman.' Inside the Fight Over What Kids Learn About America's History", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Williams (Joanna) - Who cares what colour philosophers are? It’s their ideas that matter, not their race or sex", 2015
  • Race - Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - Street angel", 2021, External Link
    2. "Blum (Edward J.) - The white man Jesus", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Derbew (Sarah) - Blackness in antiquity", 2022, External Link
    4. "Hochman (Adam) - Is ‘race’ modern?", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Kohn (Marek) - The Neanderthal mind", 2013, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Mackay (Jamie) - The whitewashing of Rome", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Nelson (Alondra) - Video - The need for a new bioethics", 2016, External Link
    8. "Ojiaku (Princess) - Is everybody a racist?", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Okoro (Enuma) - This is your morning", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Reiff (Mark R.) - How important is white fear?", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Simon (Ed) - How ‘white people’ were invented by a playwright in 1613", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Smith (Blake) - For centuries European aristocrats proudly claimed foreign ancestry", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Smithsimon (Gregory) - How to see race", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Taylor (Alan) - Jefferson’s university", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Tsakiris (Manos) - The brain-heart dialogue shows how racism hijacks perception", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    16. "Whitmarsh (Tim) - Black Achilles", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • Slavery:
    1. "Black (Jeremy) - A Brief History of Slavery", 2011, Book
    2. "Choi-Fitzpatrick (Austin) - What do slaveholders think?", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Finley (Moses I.), Shaw (Brent D.), Ed. - Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology", 1998, Book
    4. "Hunt (Peter) - Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery", 2017, Book
  • Slavery - Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - Palenque", 2020, External Link
    2. "Aeon - Video - The meaning of a monument", 2020, External Link
    3. "Daut (Marlene L.) - The king of Haiti’s dream", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Freamon (Bernard) - Gulf slave society", 2021, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Neiman (Susan) - History and guilt", 2013, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • Empire:
    1. "Brendon (Piers) - The Decline And Fall Of The British Empire", 2008, Book, Read = 1%
    2. "Darwin (John) - Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain", 2013, Book, Read = 2%
    3. "Lawrence (James) - Rise And Fall Of The British Empire", 1995, Book, Read = 1%
    4. "Tharoor (Shashi) - Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India", 2018, Book, Read = 3%
  • General:
    1. "Bliss (Rina) - What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society", 2025, Book, Read = 5%
    2. "Evans (Gavin) - Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race", 2019, Book, Read = 3%
    3. "Lambrecht (Felix) - Reparative Justice for Historical Injustice", External Link, Read = 33%
    4. "Oppenheimer (Stephen) - Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World", 2004, Book, Read = 2%
    5. "Wikipedia - Slavery in Africa", External Link, Read = 82%
  • Race:
    1. "Boxill (Bernard), Ed. - Race and Racism: Oxford Readings in Philosophy", 2001, Book, Footnote₉
    2. "Brues (Alice M.) - People and Races", 1977, Book, Read = 1%
    3. "Cohen (Mark) - Race and IQ Again: A review of Race: the Reality of Human Differences by Vincent Sarich and Frank Miele", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Devlin (Bernie), Fienberg (Stephen E.), Resnick (Daniel P.) & Roeder (Kathryn) - Intelligence, Genes & Success - Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve", 1997, Book, Read = 3%
    5. "Glasgow (Joshua) - Another Look at the Reality of Race, By Which I Mean Race-f", 2020, Read = 20%
    6. "Glasgow (Joshua) & Woodward (Jonathan M.) - Basic Racial Realism", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    7. "Goodman (Lenn E.) - Darwin’s Heresy", 2019, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    8. "Herrnstein (Richard J.) & Murray (Charles) - The Bell Curve - Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life", 1996, Book
    9. "Karkov (Catherine) - Post 'Anglo-Saxon' Melancholia", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    10. "Khalifa (Kareem) & Lauer (Richard) - Do the Social Sciences Vindicate Race’s Reality", 2021, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    11. "Lal (Vinay) - Organic Conservatism, Administrative Realism, and the Imperialist Ethos in the 'Indian Career' of John Stuart Mill", 1998, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Mac Donald (Heather) - The Diversity Delusion", 2020, Book, Read = 3%
    13. "Mcpherson (Lionel K.) - Deflating ‘Race’", 2015, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    14. "Rambaran-Olm (Mary) - Misnaming the Medieval: Rejecting 'Anglo-Saxon' Studies", 2019, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    15. "Rutherford (Adam) - How to Argue With a Racist: History, Science, Race and Reality", 2020, Book, Read = 1%
    16. "Saini (Angela) - Superior: The Return of Race Science", 2020, Book
    17. "Smith (Zadie) - White Teeth", 2001, Book
  • Slavery:
    1. "McCarthy (Thomas) - Coming to Terms with Our Past, Part II: On the Morality and Politics of Reparations for Slavery", 2004, Internal PDF Link
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link¹⁰. Total papers = 9.

  ---

• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹¹.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 7:

• This is getting a bit off the track, but India is important in this context.
• The author’s contention is that Persian culture united the Hindu and Muslim elements of Indian society until the British “divide and rule” policy mucked things up.
• This is probably an oversimplification, as the British introduced their own unifying culture.
• It’s not as though the Subcontinent was at peace before the British imposed it. But the author is probably correct that these regional wars were just “business as usual” and had nothing to do with religion.

Footnote 9:

• Individual papers in this collection are not separately identified.

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Table of the Previous 7 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
06/07/2023 00:43:12	7343	Race
20/09/2022 11:24:00	6376	Race
01/05/2022 18:20:10	5806	Race
01/10/2021 13:17:46	5309	Race
17/02/2021 01:17:46	4341	Race
31/12/2020 13:32:10	4008	Race
19/06/2020 00:48:58	1752	Race

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
02/03/2026 07:28:16	Race	Narrative Identity

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Aeon Papers	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Curran - Facing America's History Of Racism Requires Facing The Origins Of 'Race' As A Concept	Intuition	Narrative Identity
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage	Plug Note Apologia	Society	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49	Curran - Facing America's History Of Racism Requires Facing The Origins Of 'Race' As A Concept, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	London Review of Books	Moreland & Rae - Body & Soul: Introduction	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
RIP: The Royal Institute of Philosophy - Podcasts, 2	Somerset Maugham Short Stories - Volume 2	Status: Personal Identity (2025 - December)	Status: Priority Task List (2026 - February)	Status: Summary (2025 - December)
Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4, 5	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Aaronovitch (David), Harari (Yuval Noah)	Interview with Yuval Noah Harari	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Abdessamad (Farah)	My elusive pain	Paper		Yes
Aeon	Video - Shattering stars	Paper		Yes
Alexander (Denis)	Science and Christian Belief 22.1 - Book Reviews	Paper
Ayers (Michael R.)	Neo-Lockean and Anti-Lockean Theories of Personal Identity in Analytic Philosophy	Paper		Yes
Bhagabati (Dikshit Sarma)	India and indigeneity	Paper		Yes
Blackburn (Simon)	Review of Derek Parfit's 'On What Matters'	Paper		Yes
Bliss (Rina)	What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society	Book
Block (Ned)	How Heritability Misleads About Race	Paper	2
Bloom (Allan)	The Closing of the American Mind	Paper
Boxill (Bernard)	Race and Racism: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
Boxill (Bernard), Ed.	Race and Racism: Oxford Readings in Philosophy	Book	2, 3, 4
Brewer (Holly)	Slavery-entangled philosophy	Paper		Yes
Brook-Shepherd (Gordon)	The Austrians: A Thousand-year Odyssey	Book
Brues (Alice M.)	People and Races	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Calvin (William H.)	The Ascent of Mind: Ice Age Climates and the Evolution of Intelligence	Book
Chalmers (David)	The Singularity: A philosophical analysis	Paper
Chappell (Sophie Grace)	N/A	Author	2
Cohen (Mark)	Race and IQ Again: A review of Race: the Reality of Human Differences by Vincent Sarich and Frank Miele	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Curran (Andrew)	Facing America's History Of Racism Requires Facing The Origins Of 'Race' As A Concept	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Curry (Devin Sanchez)	Why academia should embrace ‘Grandma’s metaphysics’	Paper		Yes
Darwin (Charles)	The Descent of Man	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Darwin (John)	Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain	Book
Devlin (Bernie), Fienberg (Stephen E.), Resnick (Daniel P.) & Roeder (Kathryn)	Intelligence, Genes & Success - Scientists Respond to The Bell Curve	Book
Donnelly (John)	Suicide and Rationality	Paper
Fausto-Sterling (Anne)	The Bare Bones of Sex: Part 1 - Sex and Gender	Paper	2
Fetzer (James)	The evolution of intelligence: TOC & Preface	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Flew (Antony)	Power to the Parents: Reversing Educational Decline	Book
Flynn (James R.)	What is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect	Book
Forrester (Mary)	Problems and Persons: Introduction	Paper
Forrester (Mary)	Reasons for Granting Personhood	Paper
Garcia (J.L.A.)	The Heart of Racism	Paper
Geisler (Norman) & Corduan (Winfried)	The Moral Problem of Evil	Paper		Yes
Glasgow (Joshua)	Another Look at the Reality of Race, By Which I Mean Race-f	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
Gooding-Williams (Robert)	Race, Multiculturalism and Democracy	Paper	2, 3
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49	Yes
Hartl (Daniel L.)	Our Uncertain Heritage: Genetics & Human Diversity	Book	2
Hazlett (Allan)	New Waves in Metaphysics	Book	2
Hazlett (Allan)	New Waves in Metaphysics: Introduction	Paper
Huston (Matt)	How babies’ and children’s temperament varies around the world	Paper		Yes
Joslin (Roy)	Urban Harvest	Book
Jukic (Luka Ivan)	The forging of countries	Paper		Yes
Justin Martyr	Dialogue With Trypho, A Jew	Paper		Yes
Kanjwal (Hafsa)	Colonies of former colonies	Paper		Yes
Kim (Jaegwon)	Reduction and Reductionism: A New Look	Paper
Levin (Michael)	Responses to Race Differences in Crime	Paper
Longrich (Nick)	The other Homo sapiens	Paper		Yes
LRB	London Review of Books	Paper
Mac Donald (Heather)	The Diversity Delusion	Book	2
Marshall (John C.)	Artificial Intelligence - the real thing?	Paper		Yes
McKie (Robin)	Out of Africa: The Sequel	Paper	2	Yes
Menzel (E.W.)	Is the pen mightier than the computer?	Paper		Yes
Middleton (Guy D.)	The horrors of Pompeii	Paper		Yes
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	Body & Soul: Introduction	Paper		Yes
Murray (Douglas)	The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity	Book	2	Yes
Nelson (Alondra)	The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Nelson (Alondra)	Video - The need for a new bioethics	Paper		Yes
Pearce (E.K. Victor)	Review of 'Kanzi: Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind' by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh & Roger Lewin	Paper
Porter (Josias Leslie)	The giant cities of Bashan and Syria's holy places	Paper
Puccetti (Roland)	The Conquest of Death	Paper
Quine (W.V.)	The Roots of Reference	Book
Rey (Georges)	Meta-atheism: Religious Avowal as Self-Deception	Paper		Yes
RIP	The Royal Institute of Philosophy - Podcasts	Paper	2
Russell (Paul)	The limits of tolerance	Paper		Yes
Rutherford (Adam)	How to Argue With a Racist: History, Science, Race and Reality	Book	2, 3
Saini (Angela)	Superior: The Return of Race Science	Book	2, 3, 4
Sharma (Kanika)	What’s in the rule of law?	Paper		Yes
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Book
Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga)	Should the Baby Live?	Book
Smith (Zadie)	White Teeth	Book
Snow (C.P.)	The Two Cultures	Paper
Stephenson (Abi)	The cochlear question	Paper		Yes
Stevenson (Leslie) & Haberman (David)	Ten Theories of Human Nature	Book
Storr (Anthony)	The Integrity of the Personality	Book
Stump (Eleonore) & Murray (Michael J.)	Philosophy of Religion: The Big Questions	Paper
Syed (Matthew)	Bounce: The Myth of Talent and the Power of Practice	Book
Tammet (Daniel)	N/A	Author	2
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Walker (Lydia)	What is decolonisation?	Paper		Yes
Williams (Joanna)	Who cares what colour philosophers are? It’s their ideas that matter, not their race or sex	Paper		Yes
Wirzbicki (Peter)	Ralph Waldo Emerson would really hate your Twitter feed	Paper		Yes
Wiseman (P.J.)	Current Theories and the Fourth Commandment	Paper
Wiseman (P.J.)	Evidences of Antiquity	Paper	2
Wollheim (Richard)	The Thread of Life: Preface	Paper		Yes
Zellmer (Jacob)	Baffled by human diversity	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Abdessamad (Farah)	My elusive pain	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 16 April 2024	Yes
Abdessamad (Farah)	My elusive pain	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 16 April 2024	Yes
Aeon	Video - 4124.GreyKey	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 03 July 2023	Yes
Aeon	Video - Don't go tellin' your momma	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 20 July 2022	Yes
Aeon	Video - Ndagukunda déjà (I Love You, Already)	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 08 May 2023	Yes
Aeon	Video - Palenque	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 04 November 2020	Yes
Aeon	Video - Shattering stars	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 14 March 2024	Yes
Aeon	Video - Shattering stars	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 14 March 2024	Yes
Aeon	Video - Street angel	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 28 October 2021	Yes
Aeon	Video - The Black cop: a victim, a villain and a hero	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 07 March 2022	Yes
Aeon	Video - The meaning of a monument	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 04 August 2020	Yes
Agadjanian (Alexander)	If racial identity can be fluid, who changes their race?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 14 February 2023	Yes
Anderson (Luvell)	Racial Realities	Paper - By Subtopic	Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements, Volume 95 (Words and Worlds) - 2024, pp. 15-31	No
Baggini (Julian), Ed.	Words and Worlds: New Directions in the Philosophy of Language	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Baggini (Julian), Ed. - Words and Worlds: New Directions in the Philosophy of Language	No
BBC	Philosophers justifying slavery	Paper - Cited	BBC Website, 2014. Archived.	Yes
BBC, Bloom (Ben)	Black, white and shades of grey – what’s behind sprint’s race divide?	Paper - By Subtopic	BBC Sport, 14 May 2024	Yes
Bhagabati (Dikshit Sarma)	India and indigeneity	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 May 2024	Yes
Biggar (Nigel)	Colonialism: A Moral Reckoning	Book - By Subtopic	Biggar (Nigel) - Colonialism: A Moral Reckoning	3%
Biggar (Nigel)	Reparations: Slavery and the Tyranny of Imaginary Guilt	Book - By Subtopic	Biggar (Nigel) - Reparations: Slavery and the Tyranny of Imaginary Guilt	8%
Biggar (Nigel)	Reparations: Slavery and the Tyranny of Imaginary Guilt	Paper - By Subtopic	Biggar (Nigel) - Reparations: Slavery and the Tyranny of Imaginary Guilt	12%
Black (Jeremy)	A Brief History of Slavery	Book - By Subtopic	Black (Jeremy) - A Brief History of Slavery	Yes
Bliss (Rina)	What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society	Book - By Subtopic	Bliss (Rina) - What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society	5%
Bliss (Rina)	What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society	Paper - By Subtopic	Bliss (Rina) - What's Real about Race? Untangling Science, Genetics, and Society	8%
Block (Ned)	How Heritability Misleads About Race	Paper - Referencing	Boxill - Race and Racism - Oxford Readings	No
Blum (Edward J.)	The white man Jesus	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 08 April 2013	Yes
Boxill (Bernard), Ed.	Race and Racism: Oxford Readings in Philosophy	Book - By Subtopic	Boxill (Bernard), Ed. - Race and Racism: Oxford Readings in Philosophy	No
Brendon (Piers)	The Decline And Fall Of The British Empire	Book - Cited	Brendon (Piers) - The Decline And Fall Of The British Empire	1%
Brewer (Holly)	Slavery-entangled philosophy	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 12 September 2018	Yes
Brues (Alice M.)	People and Races	Book - By Subtopic	Brues (Alice M.) - People and Races	1%
Choi-Fitzpatrick (Austin)	What do slaveholders think?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 23 March, 2017	Yes
Cofnas (Nathan)	Research on group differences in intelligence: A defense of free inquiry	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Psychology, 2020, Vol. 33, No. 1, 125–147	14%
Curran (Andrew)	Facing America's History Of Racism Requires Facing The Origins Of 'Race' As A Concept	Paper - By Subtopic	Time On-Line, 10 July 2020	Yes
Curry (Devin Sanchez)	Why academia should embrace ‘Grandma’s metaphysics’	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 08 September 2022	Yes
Dalziel (Nigel)	The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire	Book - Cited	Dalziel (Nigel) - The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire	Yes
Daut (Marlene L.)	The king of Haiti’s dream	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 14 July 2020	Yes
Derbew (Sarah)	Blackness in antiquity	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 17 March 2022	Yes
Edwards (Dave)	The concept of race is a social construct	Paper - By Subtopic	ISPE, TNS, Prometheus: Tim Ryan's Zoom Meeting Submission	Yes
Engelstein (Stefani)	How the idea of family relationships shaped racial thought	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 05 February, 2018	Yes
Evans (Gavin)	Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race	Book - By Subtopic	Evans (Gavin) - Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race	3%
Evans (Gavin)	Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race	Paper - By Subtopic	Evans (Gavin) - Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race	4%
Ferguson (Niall)	Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World	Book - Cited	Ferguson (Niall) - Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World	Yes
Finley (Moses I.), Shaw (Brent D.), Ed.	Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology	Book - By Subtopic	Finley (Moses I.), Shaw (Brent D.), Ed. - Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology	Yes
Finley (Moses I.), Shaw (Brent D.), Ed.	Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology	Paper - By Subtopic	Finley (Moses I.), Shaw (Brent D.), Ed. - Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology	Yes
Freamon (Bernard)	Gulf slave society	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 22 January 2021	Yes
Giusti (Elena) & Derbew (Sarah)	Decolonizing Blackness, alongside the Classics Curriculum: A conversation with Dr Sarah Derbew	Paper - By Subtopic	University of Warwick, Classics and Ancient History Website, 21st March 2019	No
Glasgow (Joshua)	Another Look at the Reality of Race, By Which I Mean Race-f	Paper - By Subtopic	Hazlett (Allan) - New Waves in Metaphysics, Chapter 3	20%
Glasgow (Joshua) & Woodward (Jonathan M.)	Basic Racial Realism	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of the American Philosophical Association (2015) pp. 449-466	13%
Goodman (Lenn E.)	Darwin’s Heresy	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy 94, 2019, pp. 43-86	3%
Gould (Stephen Jay)	The Mismeasure of Man	Book - By Subtopic	Gould (Stephen Jay) - The Mismeasure of Man	2%
Grant (Colin)	My blackness	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 27 January 2023	Yes
Green (Toby)	Africa, in its fullness	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 16 January 2020	Yes
Green (Toby)	After slavery	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 30 March 2021	Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper - Referencing	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon	Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: A-B (& General)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: C-F	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: C-F	51%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: L-P	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: L-P	33%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Q-S	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: Q-S	29%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Q-S	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: T-Z	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: T-Z	21%
Hazlett (Allan)	New Waves in Metaphysics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hazlett (Allan) - New Waves in Metaphysics	10%
Hochman (Adam)	Is ‘race’ modern?	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 12 March 2020	Yes
Hunt (Peter)	Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery	Book - By Subtopic	Hunt (Peter) - Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery	Yes
Hunt (Peter)	Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery	Paper - By Subtopic	Hunt (Peter) - Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery	Yes
Huston (Matt)	How babies’ and children’s temperament varies around the world	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 21 May 2024	Yes
Jukic (Luka Ivan)	The forging of countries	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 20 September 2024	Yes
Kanjwal (Hafsa)	Colonies of former colonies	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 31 October 2024	Yes
Karkov (Catherine)	Post 'Anglo-Saxon' Melancholia	Paper - By Subtopic	Medium.com, 10 December 2019	17%
Keay (John)	India: A History	Book - Cited	Keay (John) - India: A History	Yes
Khalifa (Kareem) & Lauer (Richard)	Do the Social Sciences Vindicate Race’s Reality	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophers’ Imprint, Vol. 21, No. 21 (August 2021)	7%
Lambrecht (Felix)	Reparative Justice for Historical Injustice	Paper - Cited	Philosophy Compass, 13 December 2025	33%
Longrich (Nick)	The other Homo sapiens	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 23 May 2025	Yes
Mac Donald (Heather)	The Diversity Delusion	Book - Referencing	Mac Donald (Heather) - The Diversity Delusion	3%
Mackay (Jamie)	The whitewashing of Rome	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 25 June 2021	Yes
McCarthy (Thomas)	Coming to Terms with Our Past, Part II: On the Morality and Politics of Reparations for Slavery	Paper - By Subtopic	Political Theory, Vol. 32, No. 6, (Dec., 2004), pp. 750-772	No
Mcpherson (Lionel K.)	Deflating ‘Race’	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of the American Philosophical Association (2015) pp. 674-693	6%
McWhorter (John)	Don't Believe the Hype About Aborigines, Yiddish, or Ebonics	Paper - By Subtopic	New Republic, September 2, 2010	Yes
Middleton (Guy D.)	The horrors of Pompeii	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 04 July 2023	Yes
Moreno Figueroa (Monica), Jolin (Lucy)	A world without oppression to you	Paper - By Subtopic	Cambridge Alumni Magazine - Issue 98 - Lent Term 2023	Yes
Neely (Adam)	Video - Music Theory and White Supremacy	Paper - By Subtopic	YouTube Video: Posted 7 September 2020	No
Neiman (Susan)	History and guilt	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 12 August, 2013	Yes
Nelson (Alondra)	The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome	Book - By Subtopic	Nelson (Alondra) - The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome	3%
Nelson (Alondra)	The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome	Paper - By Subtopic	Nelson (Alondra) - The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation After the Genome	6%
Nelson (Alondra)	Video - The need for a new bioethics	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 May 2016	Yes
Neumeyer (Joy)	The discontent of Russia	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 05 July 2022	Yes
Nwaubani (Adaobi Tricia)	My Great-Grandfather, the Nigerian Slave-Trader	Paper - By Subtopic	The New Yorker, July 15, 2018	Yes
Ojiaku (Princess)	Is everybody a racist?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 21 March 2016	Yes
Okoro (Enuma)	This is your morning	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 19 January 2017	Yes
Olusoga (David)	Black and British: A Forgotten History	Book - By Subtopic	Olusoga (David) - Black and British: A Forgotten History	Yes
Olusoga (David)	Black and British: A Forgotten History	Paper - By Subtopic	Olusoga (David) - Black and British: A Forgotten History	Yes
Oppenheimer (Stephen)	Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World	Book - By Subtopic	Oppenheimer (Stephen) - Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World	2%
Oppenheimer (Stephen)	Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World	Paper - By Subtopic	Oppenheimer (Stephen) - Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World	2%
Paxman (Jeremy)	Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British	Book - Cited	Paxman (Jeremy) - Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British	Yes
Rambaran-Olm (Mary)	Misnaming the Medieval: Rejecting 'Anglo-Saxon' Studies	Paper - By Subtopic	The History Workshop, November 4, 2019 in Histories of the Present	8%
Reiff (Mark R.)	How important is white fear?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 28 June 2021	Yes
RIP	The Royal Institute of Philosophy - Podcasts	Paper - Referencing	RIP, Various Dates	16%
Ross (Alex)	Black Scholars Confront White Supremacy in Classical Music	Paper - By Subtopic	The New Yorker, 21 September 2020	56%
Rouighi (Ramzi)	Race on the mind	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 18 September 2019	Yes
Russell (Paul)	The limits of tolerance	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 02 August, 2017	Yes
Rutherford (Adam)	How to Argue With a Racist: History, Science, Race and Reality	Book - By Subtopic	Rutherford (Adam) - How to Argue With a Racist: History, Science, Race and Reality	1%
Saini (Angela)	Superior: The Return of Race Science	Book - By Subtopic	Saini (Angela) - Superior: The Return of Race Science	0%
Saini (Angela)	Superior: The Return of Race Science	Paper - By Subtopic	Saini (Angela) - Superior: The Return of Race Science	2%
Saul (Jennifer)	Beyond dogwhistles – racists have a new rhetorical trick	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 15 February 2024	Yes
Sharma (Kanika)	What’s in the rule of law?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 16 December 2024	Yes
Simon (Ed)	How ‘white people’ were invented by a playwright in 1613	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 12 September, 2017	Yes
Smith (Blake)	For centuries European aristocrats proudly claimed foreign ancestry	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 05 June 2017	Yes
Smith (Zadie)	White Teeth	Book - By Subtopic	Smith (Zadie) - White Teeth	No
Smithsimon (Gregory)	How to see race	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 26 March 2018	Yes
Somerset Maugham (W.)	Collected Short Stories: Volume 2	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Somerset Maugham (W.)	Collected Short Stories: Volume 2	Paper - Referencing	Somerset Maugham (W.) - Collected Short Stories: Volume 2	Yes
Stephenson (Abi)	The cochlear question	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 15 November 2024	Yes
Taiwo (Olufemi)	It never existed	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 13 January 2023	Yes
Taylor (Alan)	Jefferson’s university	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 03 September 2021	Yes
The Secret Barrister	Do the verdicts in the trial of the Colston 4 signal something wrong with our jury system? 10 things you should know	Paper - By Subtopic	The Secret Barrister, 6 January 2022	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Race	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Toner (Jerry)	How to Manage Your Slaves by Marcus Sidonius Falx	Book - By Subtopic	Toner (Jerry) - How to Manage Your Slaves by Marcus Sidonius Falx	Yes
Toner (Jerry)	Slaves or wage slaves	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 05 February 2015	Yes
Tsakiris (Manos)	The brain-heart dialogue shows how racism hijacks perception	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 14 April, 2017	Yes
Walker (Lydia)	What is decolonisation?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 21 November 2024	Yes
Watkin (Christopher)	Christianity and critical race theory	Paper - By Subtopic	Cambridge Papers, Vol. 31.2, June 2022	Yes
Waxman (Olivia B.)	'Critical Race Theory Is Simply the Latest Bogeyman.' Inside the Fight Over What Kids Learn About America's History	Paper - By Subtopic	Time Magazine On-Line, June 24, 2021	Yes
Whitmarsh (Tim)	Black Achilles	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 9 May 2018	Yes
Wikipedia	Slavery in Africa	Paper - By Subtopic		82%
Williams (Joanna)	Who cares what colour philosophers are? It’s their ideas that matter, not their race or sex	Paper - By Subtopic	Spiked; Downloaded 05/06/2015	Yes
Wirzbicki (Peter)	Ralph Waldo Emerson would really hate your Twitter feed	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 09 August 2021	Yes
Zellmer (Jacob)	Baffled by human diversity	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 08 July 2024	Yes

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