Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Abortion

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. The morality of abortion is a large and important issue, but is not my major concern except insofar as it impinges on the topic of Personal Identity.
  2. Our views on Personal Identity will have an impact on our views of the morality of abortion, though not in any straightforward manner.
  3. More importantly – and regrettably so in my opinion – views on the morality of abortion can have an impact on one’s views of personal identity. This is the wrong way round, and violates the fact / value distinction. While ethical, political or religious² views might influence our preference for certain metaphysical views, they should not constrain our actual beliefs, which should be responses to how things are, and to which our other beliefs should conform, however disappointing that might be.
     1. This remark assumes that there is a “way things are” that is independent of the desires and motivations of human beings. This is denied by – for instance – Yuval Noah Harari; but see – for a robust realist view – "Blackburn (Simon) - Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed".
     2. I do not wish to deny that our ethical, political and religious views can be responses to how things are, just that they were often responses to how things seemed to us – or to people we respected – at formative times of our lives, and then got entrenched and we remain impervious to evidence to the contrary.
        
  4. I’ll leave further discussion for now. Enough to say that I’ll not intend to wade in too far into this moral morass, though I will need to review the foundational papers on the moral implications of abortion.
  5. The note on Pregnancy³ raises questions of what (to put it rather positively) abortion actually achieves. According to the standard “container model”, abortion kills a distinct, though temporarily dependent, being. However, according to the “parthood model”, abortion only removes a part of the whole (removing the so-called “foster” from the “gravida”: see "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?").

• ---

  Further Remarks
  1. This Note relates to various others in this nexus, on which I have – or will have – more to say:
     • Pregnancy⁴
     • Zygote⁵
     • Embryo⁶
     • Fetus⁷

References

• For a page of Links⁸ to this Note, Click here.
• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations, External Link, Read
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read⁹, include the following:-
  • Abortion:
    1. "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue", 1975
    2. "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction", 1975
    3. "Conee (Earl) - Reply to Timothy Chappell", 2000, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Feldman (Fred) - Abortion and the Failure to Conceive", 1992
    5. "Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children", 2017, Footnote₁₀
    6. "Shoemaker (David) - Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part I: Killing", 2009
    7. "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Abortion and the Human Animal", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
  • Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - Under G-d", 2023, External Link
  • Beginnings:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Carter (William) - Do Zygotes Become People?", 1982, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations, External Link
    4. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
  • General:
    1. "DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Glover (Jonathan) - Causing Death and Saving Lives", 1986, Book, Footnote₁₁
    3. "Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death: Preface", 2006
    4. "McGrath (James F.) - Why 'Life Begins at Conception' Is Simply Not True", External Link
    5. "Mulgan (Tim) - Critical Notice of Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life", 2004, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Pruski (Michal) & Playford (Richard C.) - Artificial Wombs, Thomson and Abortion – What Might Change", External Link
    7. "Singer (Peter) - Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue", 1994
    8. "Velleman (David) - Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • Infanticide:
    1. "Rodger (Daniel), Blackshaw (Bruce P.) & Wilcox (Clinton) - Why arguments against infanticide remain convincing", 2018, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
  • Research:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and Stem­Cell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • Abortion:
    1. "Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds. - The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice", 2001, Book, Read = 2%
    2. "Beckwith (Francis J.) - Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion", 2006, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Boonin (David) - A Defense of Abortion", 2003, Book, Read = 1%
    4. "Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View", 1975, Book, Read = 4%
    5. "Chappell (Tim), Chappell (Sophie Grace) - The Relevance of Metaphysics to Bioethics: A Reply to Earl Conee", 2000, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    6. "Conee (Earl) - Metaphysics and the morality of abortion", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    7. "Diamond (James J.) - Abortion, Animation, and Biological Hominization", 1975, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Engelhardt (H. Tristram) - The Ontology of Abortion", 1974, Internal PDF Link
    9. "English (Jane) - Abortion and the Concept of a Person", 1975
    10. "Feinberg (Joel) - Abortion", 1980
    11. "Hall (Timothy) - Abortion, the Right to Life, and Dependence", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Hare (R.M.) - Abortion and the Golden Rule", 1975, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Harman (Elizabeth) - Creation Ethics: The Moral Status of Early Fetuses and the Ethics of Abortion", 1999, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Hershenov (David) - Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    15. "Hershenov (David) - Explaining the Psychological Appeal of Viability as a Cutoff Point", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    16. "Hershenov (David) - How a Hylomorphic Metaphysics Constrains the Abortion Debate", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    17. "Hershenov (David) - Perdure and Murder", 1986, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%, Footnote₁₂
    18. "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Morally Relevant Potential", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    19. "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - The “I’m Personally Opposed to Abortion But…” Argument", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - The Relevance of Metaphysics to the Morality of Abortion", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    21. "Kenyon (Edwin) - The Dilemma of Abortion", 1986, Book
    22. "Koritansky (Peter) - The Role of Philosophy in the Contemporary Abortion Debate.", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Lee (Patrick) - A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Little (Margaret Olivia) - Abortion, Intimacy, and the Duty to Gestate", 1999, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%, Footnote₁₃
    25. "Maitzen (Stephen) - Abortion in the Original Position", 1999, Internal PDF Link
    26. "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Revisiting the argument from fetal potential", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    27. "Marquis (Don) - Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy", 1992, Book, Read = 2%
    29. "Paez (Eze) - Abortion: What We Ought to Believe - An Ontological and Normative Analysis", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    30. "Paez (Eze) - Are we animals? Abortion, identity and a modified Future-of-Value Account", 2015, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    31. "Pluhar (Werner S.) - Abortion and Simple Consciousness", 1977, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Quinn (Warren S.) - Abortion: Identity and Loss", 1984, Internal PDF Link
    33. "Rini (Regina) - Abortion, Ultrasound, and Moral Persuasion", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    34. "Sterba (James P.) - Abortion, Distant Peoples, and Future Generations", 1980, Internal PDF Link
    35. "Surovell (Jonathan) - But for the Grace of God: Abortion and Cognitive Disability, Luck and Moral Status", 2017, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    36. "Thomson (Judith Jarvis) - A Defense of Abortion", 1971, Annotations, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    37. "Warren (Mary Anne) - Abortion", 2000
    38. "Warren (Mary Anne) - On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion", 1973, No Abstract
  • Beginnings:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Does a Person Begin?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
    2. "Brill (H. Skott) - The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    3. "DeGrazia (David) - Identity, Killing, and the Boundaries of Our Existence", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary", 1996, Read = 33%
    5. "Hershenov (David) - Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%, Footnote₁₄
    6. "Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.) - Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    7. "Hudson (Hud) - Pre-Persons, Post-Persons, Non-Persons, and Person-Parts", 2001
    8. "Hudson (Hud) - Temporal Parts and Moral Personhood", 1999
    9. "McMahan (Jeff) - Beginnings", 2002
    10. "Singer (Peter) - Uncertain Beginnings", 1994
    11. "Warren (Mary Anne) - Do Potential People Have Moral Rights?", 1977, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Forrester (Mary) - Problems and Persons: Introduction", 1996, Read = 44%
    2. "Forrester (Mary) - The Central Feature of Personhood", 1996, Read = 33%
    3. "Hershenov (David) - Review of David DeGrazia’s Human Identity and Bioethics", 2008, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 83%
    4. "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Animalism and the Unborn Human Being", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 13%
    5. "Wyatt (John) - Matters of Life and Death", 2009, Book, Read = 13%
  • Infanticide:
    1. "Beckwith (Francis J.) - Potentials and burdens: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    2. "Camosy (Charles) - Concern for our vulnerable prenatal and neonatal children: a brief reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    3. "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    4. "Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca) - Clarifications on the moral status of newborns and the normative implications", 2013, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    5. "Hauskeller (Michael) - Reflections from a Troubled Stream: Giubilini and Minerva on 'After-Birth Abortion'", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    6. "Laing (Jacqueline) - Infanticide: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    7. "Manninen (Bertha Alvarez) - Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    8. "McGee (Andrew J.) - The moral status of babies", 2013, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Mori (Maurizio) - The Italian reaction to the Giubilini and Minerva paper", 2013, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    10. "Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga) - Should the Baby Live?", 1985, Book
    11. "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide", 1972, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide", 1983, Book, Annotations, Read = 2%
  • Research:
    1. "DeGrazia (David) - Prenatal Identity: Genetic Interventions, Reproductive Choices", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    2. "Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures", 1990, Book, Read = 2%
    3. "Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research", 2000, No Abstract
    4. "Singer (Peter) & Dawson (Karen) - IVF Technology and the Argument from Potential", 1988, Internal PDF Link
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link¹⁵. Total papers = 1.

  ---

• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁶.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 10:

• See Chapter 5: “In the Beginning: What's going on in there?”

Footnote 11:

• This is a well-known and important book that I read a long time ago, but which doesn’t seem to have been referenced hitherto.

Footnote 12:

• See "Hershenov (David) - Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status" for a later and shorter version of this paper.

Footnote 13:

• This paper might be as well considered in the Note on Pregnancy.

Footnote 14:

• See "Hershenov (David) - Perdure and Murder" for an earlier and longer version of this paper.

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Table of the Previous 6 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	7445	Abortion
11/05/2022 18:59:02	6898	Abortion
02/07/2021 20:32:38	6218	Abortion
07/02/2021 19:46:34	5987	Abortion
13/05/2020 18:57:36	4313	Abortion
10/10/2018 16:43:41	6043	Abortion

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Abortion	Pregnancy

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Embryo	Fetuses	Note Links Explanation	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage
Plug Note Apologia	Pregnancy	Religion	Works Read - Explanation	Zygote

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers	London Review of Books	Olson - What Are We? Animals	Olson - What Are We? The Question	Origins
PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Pregnancy	Reduplication Objections	Status: Personal Identity (2025 - December)	Status: Priority Task List (2026 - February)
Status: Summary (2025 - December)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2, 3, 4, 5	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5
Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Were You a Zygote?	Paper		Yes
Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds.	The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Does a Person Begin?	Paper
Barilan (Y. Michael)	One or Two: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta	Paper
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion	Paper	2
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Potentials and burdens: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper
Benatar (David)	Better Never to Have Been: The Harm Of Coming Into Existence	Book
Bermudez (Jose Luis)	The Moral Significance of Birth	Paper
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism and its Implications	Paper		Yes
Bonevac (Daniel)	Today's Moral Issues: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Bourgeois (Warren)	My Suggestions for Ways to See Ourselves: Applications of My Concept of a Person	Paper	2
Bourgeois (Warren)	Persons: What Philosophers Say about You	Book
Brill (H. Skott)	The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma	Paper	2
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Law	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue	Paper	2	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Some Further Questions	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	The Morality of Abortion (1)	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	The Morality of Abortion (2)	Paper
Camosy (Charles)	Concern for our vulnerable prenatal and neonatal children: a brief reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper	2
Carter (William)	Do Zygotes Become People?	Paper		Yes
Chappell (Tim), Chappell (Sophie Grace)	The Relevance of Metaphysics to Bioethics: A Reply to Earl Conee	Paper	2
Conee (Earl)	Metaphysics and the morality of abortion	Paper
Coope (Christopher)	Death Sentences	Paper
Corcoran (Kevin)	Rethinking Human Nature: A Christian Materialist Alternative to the Soul	Book
Craig (William Lane) & Sinnott-Armstrong (Walter)	God?: A Debate between a Christian and an Atheist: Preface	Paper		Yes
Davis (Michael)	Fetuses, Famous Violinists, and the Right to Continued Aid	Paper	2, 3
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics	Book	2
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
DeGrazia (David)	Identity, Killing, and the Boundaries of Our Existence	Paper
DeGrazia (David)	Prenatal Identity: Genetic Interventions, Reproductive Choices	Paper
Diamond (James J.)	Abortion, Animation, and Biological Hominization	Paper	2
Donnelly (John)	Language, Metaphysics and Death: A Metaphysical Reader	Paper
Engelhardt (H. Tristram)	The Ontology of Abortion	Paper	2, 3
English (Jane)	Abortion and the Concept of a Person	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Feinberg (Joel)	Abortion	Paper
Feldman (Fred)	Abortion and the Failure to Conceive	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Book		Yes
Finn (Suki)	Bun or bump?	Paper		Yes
Fischer (John Martin), Ed.	The Metaphysics of Death	Book
Flower (Michael J.)	Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life	Paper
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	Book	2
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary	Paper	2, 3
Forrester (Mary)	Problems and Persons: Preface	Paper	2
Forrester (Mary)	Problems and Persons: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23
Forrester (Mary)	The Central Feature of Personhood	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca)	After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?	Paper	2, 3
Glover (Jonathan)	Causing Death and Saving Lives	Book	2	Yes
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper		Yes
Hall (Timothy)	Abortion, the Right to Life, and Dependence	Paper	2, 3
Harris (Marvin)	Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Cultures	Book
Hershenov (David)	Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Hershenov (David)	Explaining the Psychological Appeal of Viability as a Cutoff Point	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	How a Hylomorphic Metaphysics Constrains the Abortion Debate	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hershenov (David)	Perdure and Murder	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	Review of David DeGrazia’s Human Identity and Bioethics	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper		Yes
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Fission and Confusion	Paper
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	The Relevance of Metaphysics to the Morality of Abortion	Paper	2, 3, 4
Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.)	Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos	Paper	2
Hill (Claire Ortiz)	Rethinking Identity and Metaphysics: On the Foundations of Analytic Philosophy	Book
Hoose (Bernard)	Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics	Paper		Yes
Hudson (Hud)	Pre-Persons, Post-Persons, Non-Persons, and Person-Parts	Paper
Hudson (Hud)	Temporal Parts and Moral Personhood	Paper
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy	Paper
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy (B1)	Paper	2	Yes
Koritansky (Peter)	The Role of Philosophy in the Contemporary Abortion Debate.	Paper	2, 3
Lee (Patrick)	A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate	Paper
Lerner (Berel Dov)	Review of 'Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction' by David Shoemaker	Paper		Yes
Little (Margaret Olivia)	Abortion, Intimacy, and the Duty to Gestate	Paper	2, 3
Lizza (John)	Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death: Preface	Paper	2	Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
LRB	London Review of Books	Paper
Luper (Steven), Ed.	The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	Book
Manninen (Bertha Alvarez)	Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper	2, 3, 4
Marquis (Don)	Why Abortion is Immoral	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
McGee (Andrew J.)	The moral status of babies	Paper	2, 3
McInerney (Peter K.)	Does a Fetus Already Have a Future-Like-Ours	Paper	2
McMahan (Jeff)	Beginnings	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Preface	Paper	2
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	Book	2, 3
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	Book	2
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Paper
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Paper
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Paper
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Paper	2, 3, 4
Mulgan (Tim)	Critical Notice of Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Narayanan (Darshana)	Baby talk	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper		Yes
Paul (Ellen), Miller (Fred) & Paul (Jeffrey), Eds.	Personal Identity	Book
Peacocke (Arthur) & Gillett (Grant)	Persons and Personality: A Contemporary Inquiry	Book
Pluhar (Werner S.)	Abortion and Simple Consciousness	Paper
Profet (Margie)	Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens	Paper	2
Rini (Regina)	Abortion, Ultrasound, and Moral Persuasion	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Rodger (Daniel), Blackshaw (Bruce P.) & Wilcox (Clinton)	Why arguments against infanticide remain convincing	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Yes
Rosenberg (Jay)	'Mercy Killing' - The Question of Taking Life	Paper
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part I: Killing	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics - Introduction	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity, Rational Anticipation, and Self-Concern	Paper		Yes
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Paper
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Book
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Paper	2
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	Book
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue	Paper		Yes
Singer (Peter)	Uncertain Beginnings	Paper	2, 3
Sterba (James P.)	Abortion, Distant Peoples, and Future Generations	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Tacelli (Ronald)	Were You a Zygote?	Paper	2, 3, 4
Thomson (Judith Jarvis)	A Defense of Abortion	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Origins	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Reduplication Objections	Paper		Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Abortion and the Human Animal	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research	Paper	2
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion	Paper	2, 3
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Book
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Book
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Tur (Richard)	The 'Person' in Law	Paper
Vehmas (Simo)	Is it Wrong to Deliberately Conceive or Give Birth to a Child with Mental Retardation?	Paper
Velleman (David)	Beyond Price: Essays on Life and Death - Introduction	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Wreen (Michael J.)	The Standing is Slippery	Paper
Wyatt (John)	Matters of Life and Death	Book	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

---

References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Aeon	Video - Under G-d	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 12 October 2023	Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Were You a Zygote?	Paper - Referencing	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds.	Human Life, Action and Ethics	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	10%
Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds.	The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	Book - Cited	Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds. - The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	2%
Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.), Eds.	The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	Paper - By Subtopic	Baird (Robert M.) & Rosenbaum (Stuart E.) - The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice	4%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper - By Subtopic	UMass Magazine, Spring 2006	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Barilan (Y. Michael)	One or Two: An Examination of the Recent Case of the Conjoined Twins from Malta	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Feb. 2003, 28.1, pp. 27-44	No
Barkow (Jerome), Cosmides (Leda) & Tooby (John), Eds.	The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Barkow (Jerome), Cosmides (Leda) & Tooby (John), Eds. - The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture	1%
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin's A Defense of Abortion	Paper - Cited	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Apr. 2006, 31.2, pp. 177-203	No
Beckwith (Francis J.)	Potentials and burdens: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 341-344	17%
Blackburn (Simon)	Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed	Book - Cited	Blackburn (Simon) - Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed	Yes
Bonevac (Daniel)	Today's Moral Issues: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives	Book - By Subtopic	Bonevac (Daniel) - Today's Moral Issues: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives	2%
Boonin (David)	A Defense of Abortion	Book - Cited	Boonin (David) - A Defense of Abortion	1%
Boonin (David)	A Defense of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Boonin (David) - A Defense of Abortion	1%
Bradley (Ben), Feldman (Fred) & Johansson (Jens)	The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Bradley (Ben), Feldman (Fred) & Johansson (Jens) - The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death	7%
Brill (H. Skott)	The Future-Like-Ours Argument, Personal Identity, and the Twinning Dilemma	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jul2003, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p419-430, 12p;	No
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View	Book - Cited	Brody (Baruch) - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View	4%
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Epilogue	Paper - Cited	Brody - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View, 1975, Epilogue	Yes
Brody (Baruch)	Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: Introduction	Paper - Cited	Brody - Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life : a Philosophical View, 1975, Introduction	Yes
Camosy (Charles)	Concern for our vulnerable prenatal and neonatal children: a brief reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 296-298	No
Carter (William)	Do Zygotes Become People?	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 91.361 (Jan. 1982), pp. 77-95	Yes
Conee (Earl)	Metaphysics and the morality of abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, Volume 108, Number 432, October 1999 , pp. 619-646(28)	4%
Conee (Earl)	Reply to Timothy Chappell	Paper - Cited	Mind, Volume 109, Number 434, 1 April 2000 , pp. 281-283(3)	Yes
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics	Book - Referenced	DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics	7%
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics: Introduction	Paper - Referencing	DeGrazia - Human Identity and Bioethics, 2005, Chapter 1, 1978	Yes
DeGrazia (David)	Prenatal Identity: Genetic Interventions, Reproductive Choices	Paper - By Subtopic	DeGrazia - Human Identity and Bioethics, 2005, Chapter 7	3%
Engelhardt (H. Tristram)	The Ontology of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethics, 84, No. 3, Apr., 1974, pp. 217-234	No
English (Jane)	Abortion and the Concept of a Person	Paper - By Subtopic	Canadian Journal of Philosophy, V, Oct. 1975, pp. 233-243	No
Feinberg (Joel)	Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Regan - Matters of Life and Death, 1980, Chapter 6	No
Feldman (Fred)	Abortion and the Failure to Conceive	Paper - Cited	Feldman - Confrontations with the Reaper, Chapter 12	Yes
Feldman (Fred)	Confrontations with the Reaper: A Philosophical Study of the Nature and Value of Death	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Forrester (Mary)	Abortion: Objections and Policies	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 15	No
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	Book - By Subtopic	Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	4%
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 18	33%
Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca)	After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 261-263	No
Giubilini (Alberto) & Minerva (Francesca)	Clarifications on the moral status of newborns and the normative implications	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 264-265	No
Glover (Jonathan)	Causing Death and Saving Lives	Book - Cited	Glover (Jonathan) - Causing Death and Saving Lives	Yes
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book - Cited	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	2%
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper - Referencing	Grobstein (Clifford) - Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	4%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hare (R.M.)	Abortion and the Golden Rule	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 3, Spring, 1975, pp. 201-222	No
Harman (Elizabeth)	Creation Ethics: The Moral Status of Early Fetuses and the Ethics of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Autumn, 1999) (pp. 310-324)	No
Hauskeller (Michael)	Reflections from a Troubled Stream: Giubilini and Minerva on 'After-Birth Abortion'	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 42, No. 4 (July-August 2012), pp. 17-20	17%
Hershenov (David)	Abortions and Distortions: An Analysis of Morally Irrelevant Factors in Thomson's Violinist Thought Experiment	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jan2001, Vol. 27 Issue 1, p129-148, 20p	No
Hershenov (David)	Explaining the Psychological Appeal of Viability as a Cutoff Point	Paper - By Subtopic	National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly. 6:4, Winter 2006, 681-686	17%
Hershenov (David)	How a Hylomorphic Metaphysics Constrains the Abortion Debate	Paper - By Subtopic	National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly. 5:4, 2005, 751-764	8%
Hershenov (David)	Perdure and Murder	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Medicine, 2011	8%
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper - Referencing	Religious Studies, 43:2, June 2007, 237-242	Yes
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Fission and Confusion	Paper - By Subtopic	Christian Bioethics, 12:237–254, 2006	No
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Morally Relevant Potential	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, 2014	8%
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	The “I’m Personally Opposed to Abortion But…” Argument	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 83:77-87 (2009)	No
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	The Relevance of Metaphysics to the Morality of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind. (Resubmission Requested)	No
Hoose (Bernard)	Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hoose (Bernard) - Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics	Yes
Hoose (Bernard)	Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics	Paper - By Subtopic	Hoose (Bernard) - Received Wisdom?: Reviewing the Role of Tradition in Christian Ethics	Yes
Hudson (Hud)	A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person	2%
Hudson (Hud)	Pre-Persons, Post-Persons, Non-Persons, and Person-Parts	Paper - By Subtopic	Hudson (Hud) - A Materialist Metaphysics of the Human Person, 2001, Chapter 6, pp. 149-166	No
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper - Cited	Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper - Referencing	Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Yes
Kenny (Anthony)	Abortion and the Taking of Human Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Kenny - Reason and Religion - Essays in philosophical Theology	No
Kenny (Anthony)	Reason and Religion - Essays in philosophical Theology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Kenny (Anthony) - Reason and Religion - Essays in philosophical Theology	No
Kenyon (Edwin)	The Dilemma of Abortion	Book - Cited	Kenyon (Edwin) - The Dilemma of Abortion	No
Kingma (Elselijn)	BUMP: Better Understanding the Metaphysics of Pregnancy	Paper - Referencing	BUMP Website	56%
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper - Cited	Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646	Yes
Koritansky (Peter)	The Role of Philosophy in the Contemporary Abortion Debate.	Paper - By Subtopic	Christian Bioethics, Jan-Apr2004, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p63-67, 5p	No
Laing (Jacqueline)	Infanticide: a reply to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 336-340	17%
Lee (Patrick)	A Christian Philosopher’s View of Recent Directions in the Abortion Debate	Paper - By Subtopic	Christian Bioethics, Jan-Apr2004, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p7-31, 25p	No
Lerner (Berel Dov)	Review of 'Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction' by David Shoemaker	Paper - By Subtopic	Metapsychology Online Reviews, Jun 16th 2009 (Volume 13, Issue 25)	Yes
Little (Margaret Olivia)	Abortion, Intimacy, and the Duty to Gestate	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 295-312	7%
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper - Referencing	Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987	Yes
Lockwood (Michael), Ed.	Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Luper (Steven), Ed.	The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Luper (Steven), Ed. - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death	5%
Maitzen (Stephen)	Abortion in the Original Position	Paper - By Subtopic	The Personalist Forum, Vol. 15, No. 2, Proceedings of the International Conference on Persons, Santa Fe, NM, 1999 (Fall 1999) (pp. 373-388)	No
Manninen (Bertha Alvarez)	Revisiting the argument from fetal potential	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2007, 2:7	13%
Manninen (Bertha Alvarez)	Yes, the baby should live: a pro-choice response to Giubilini and Minerva	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 330-335	17%
Marquis (Don)	Abortion and Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Bradley (Ben), Feldman (Fred) & Johansson (Jens) - The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Death	No
Marquis (Don)	Why Abortion is Immoral	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 86, No. 4, Apr., 1989, pp. 183-202	No
McGee (Andrew J.)	The moral status of babies	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 345-348	No
McGrath (James F.)	Why 'Life Begins at Conception' Is Simply Not True	Paper - By Subtopic	Patheos, July 30, 2024	Yes
McMahan (Jeff)	Beginnings	Paper - By Subtopic	Jeff McMahan - The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life, 2002, Chapter 4, pp. 267-422	No
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	Book - By Subtopic	McMahan (Jeff) - The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	No
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott) - Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics	11%
Moreland (J.P.) & Rae (Scott)	The Moral & Metaphysical Status of the Unborn: Abortion and Fetal Research	Paper - By Subtopic	Moreland & Rae - Body & Soul - Human Nature and the Crisis in Ethics, Chapter 7	No
Mori (Maurizio)	The Italian reaction to the Giubilini and Minerva paper	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 5 (May 2013), pp. 317-322	17%
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book - Cited	Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	2%
Narayanan (Darshana)	Baby talk	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 25 July 2024	Yes
Oderberg (David)	The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy 25 (2008): 263-76	8%
Oderberg (David)	The Origination of a Human Being - Rejoinder to Persson	Paper - By Subtopic	Unpublished: obtained from Oderberg's website	17%
O'Hear (Anthony), Ed.	Philosophy - 79/310 (October 2004)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	O'Hear (Anthony), Ed. - Philosophy - 79/310 (October 2004)	1%
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Paez (Eze)	Abortion: What We Ought to Believe - An Ontological and Normative Analysis	Paper - By Subtopic	PhD Thesis, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 2013	3%
Paez (Eze)	Are we animals? Abortion, identity and a modified Future-of-Value Account	Paper - By Subtopic	Dilemata. International Journal of Applied Ethics, 2015, 7 (18): 243-258	13%
Profet (Margie)	Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens	Paper - By Subtopic	Barkow, Cosmides & Tooby - The Adapted Mind, 1992, Chapter 8	No
Pruski (Michal) & Playford (Richard C.)	Artificial Wombs, Thomson and Abortion – What Might Change	Paper - By Subtopic	Diametros 19 (2022), 73: 35–53. Published online: 30 September 2022	Yes
Pruss (Alexander R.)	I Was Once a Fetus: That Is Why Abortion is Wrong	Paper - By Subtopic	D. Bonevac (Ed.), Today's Moral Issues: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (7 ed., pp. 342-349): McGraw-Hill	17%
Quinn (Warren S.)	Abortion: Identity and Loss	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Winter, 1984) (pp. 24-54)	No
Radest (Howard B.)	Biomedical Ethics: Humanist Perspectives	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Radest (Howard B.) - Biomedical Ethics: Humanist Perspectives	1%
Radest (Howard B.)	Biomedical Ethics: Humanist Perspectives	Paper - By Subtopic	Radest (Howard B.) - Biomedical Ethics: Humanist Perspectives	3%
Regan (Tom), Ed.	Matters of Life and Death: New Introductory Essays in Moral Philosophy	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Regan (Tom), Ed. - Matters of Life and Death: New Introductory Essays in Moral Philosophy	2%
Rodger (Daniel), Blackshaw (Bruce P.) & Wilcox (Clinton)	Why arguments against infanticide remain convincing	Paper - Referencing	Bioethics. 2018;00:1–5	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jan2005, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p51-75, 25p	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part I: Killing	Paper - Cited	Shoemaker (David) - Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction, 2009, Chapter 4	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics	Paper - By Subtopic	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2005-12	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Singer (Peter)	Birth after Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 1	No
Singer (Peter)	Making Quality of Life Judgments	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 6	No
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Book - By Subtopic	Singer (Peter) - Practical Ethics	1%
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Practical Ethics	1%
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Singer (Peter) - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	1%
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Prologue	Yes
Singer (Peter)	Uncertain Beginnings	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 5	No
Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga)	Should the Baby Live?	Book - Cited	Singer (Peter) & Khuse (Helga) - Should the Baby Live?	No
Sterba (James P.)	Abortion, Distant Peoples, and Future Generations	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 77, No. 7, Jul., 1980, pp. 424-440	No
Surovell (Jonathan)	But for the Grace of God: Abortion and Cognitive Disability, Luck and Moral Status	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2017	6%
Thomson (Judith Jarvis)	A Defense of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 1, Autumn, 1971, pp. 47-66	17%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Abortion and the Human Animal	Paper - Cited	Christian Bioethics, Volume 10, Number 1, April 2004, pp. 105-116(12).	Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy; Apr2001, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p65, 14p	No
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Luper - The Cambridge Companion to Life and Death, 2014, Chapter 15	6%
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Book - Cited	Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide	2%
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 1, Autumn, 1972, pp. 37-65	No
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion and Infanticide	Paper - By Subtopic	Tooley (Michael) - Abortion and Infanticide	3%
Vatican	Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day	Paper - By Subtopic	Vatican website	No
Vehmas (Simo)	Is it Wrong to Deliberately Conceive or Give Birth to a Child with Mental Retardation?	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Feb. 2002, 27.1, pp. 47-63	No
Warren (Mary Anne)	On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, 57 (1973), pp. 43-61	No
Woollard (Fiona)	Mother Knows Best: Pregnancy, Applied Ethics, and Epistemically Transformative Experiences	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 38, No. 1, February 2021	13%
Wreen (Michael J.)	The Standing is Slippery	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy - 79, Oct2004, Issue 310, p553-572, 20p	No
Wyatt (John)	Matters of Life and Death	Book - Cited	Wyatt (John) - Matters of Life and Death	13%

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