Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Embryo

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. In humans, the immediate post-fertilization product – the zygote² – develops by division until it implants as the embryo ("Wikipedia - Embryo"). It is called a fetus³ after 11 weeks.
  2. In the philosophy of personal identity, the question arises when the human being⁴ or the human person⁵ arises. Additionally – and relatedly – was I ever an embryo?
  3. Most philosophers agree that an embryo isn’t a person⁶, because it does not possess the appropriate psychological⁷ attributes⁸.
  4. Many philosophers contend that a human embryo isn’t a human being⁹ either – in that it hasn’t the appropriate set of organs.
  5. In addition, the question whether I was ever an embryo is complicated by differences over the definition – or maybe ontological category – of “person¹⁰”, as was noted in the discussion of Zygote¹¹.

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  Further Remarks:
  1. There’s lots written in discussion of the ethical use of embryos that I will need to ignore unless it has metaphysical implications.
  2. There’s also a degree of overlap between this Note on Embryos with those on Zygotes¹² and Fetuses¹³.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
• For a Page of Links¹⁴ to this Note, Click here. Unfortunately, there are too many to take advantage of at this stage.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁵, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Lencz (Todd) & Carmi (Shai) - Selected before birth", 2023, External Link
    2. "Wallingford (John) - Building embryos", 2024, External Link
  • General:
    1. "Anscombe (G.E.M.) - Embryos and Final Causes", 1990, No Abstract
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and Stem­Cell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Kazez (Jean) - Life Doesn't Begin at Conception", 2017, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations
    6. "Mallapaty (Smriti) - Human embryo models are getting more realistic — raising ethical questions", External Link
    7. "Narayanan (Darshana) - Baby talk", 2024, External Link
    8. "Shoemaker (David) - Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension", 2005, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Does a Person Begin?", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
    2. "Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) - Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate", 1987, Book
    3. "CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?", 1986, Book, Footnote₁₆
    4. "Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter) - Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    5. "Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science", 1988, Book, Read = 3%
    6. "Ghiselin (Michael) - Embryology as History and as Law", 1997, No Abstract
    7. "Hershenov (David) - Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    8. "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Hershenov (David) - Perdure and Murder", 1986, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    10. "Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.) - Anscombe on Embryos and Persons", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    11. "Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.) - Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    12. "McLaren (Ann) - Prelude to Embryogenesis", 1986
    13. "Oderberg (David) - The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited", 2008, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    14. "Simmons (Aaron) - Do Embryos Have Interests? Why Embryos Are Identical to Future Persons but Not Harmed by Death", 2012, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    15. "Smith (Barry) & Brogaard (Berit) - Sixteen Days", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    16. "Tollefsen (Christopher) - Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Warnock (Mary) - A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology", 1985, Book
    18. "Warnock (Mary) - Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation", 1992, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    19. "Wikipedia - Embryo", External Link, Read = 17%
    20. "Williams (Bernard) - Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research", 1986
• For further papers held on-line of potential interest, follow this Link¹⁷. Total papers = 1.

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁸.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 16: See, in particular,

• "McLaren (Ann) - Prelude to Embryogenesis", and
• "Williams (Bernard) - Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research".

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Table of the Previous 6 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	3355	Embryo
11/05/2022 18:59:02	2974	Embryo
11/02/2021 11:29:46	3039	Embryo
23/09/2020 10:39:22	2485	Embryo
14/07/2018 00:23:02	4674	Embryo
31/08/2017 19:35:02	2864	Embryo

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Embryo	Fetuses

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Fetuses	Human Beings	Human Persons	Note Links Explanation
Person	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage	Plug Note Apologia	Properties	Psychology
Works Read - Explanation	Zygote

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Abortion	Aeon Papers	Chimera	Dicephalus	Fetuses
Fusion	Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5	Pregnancy	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Zygote, 2

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Alexander (Denis)	Review of 'Why Us?' by James Le Fanu	Paper	2	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12	Yes
Bear (Mark), Connors (Barry) & Paradiso (Michael)	Neuroscience	Book		Yes
Berry (R.J.), Ed.	Real Scientists, Real Faith: 17 Leading Scientists Reveal the Harmony Between Their Science and Their Faith	Book	2
Cameron (Nigel M. de S.)	Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	Book	2, 3, 4
Chopra (Deepak) & Hameroff (Stuart)	Can science explain the soul?	Paper
CIBA Foundation	Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	Book	2, 3, 4, 5
Coyne (Jerry A.)	Why Evolution is True	Book
Damschen (Gregor), Gomez-Lobo (Alfonso) & Schonecker (Dieter)	Sixteen Days? A Reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the Beginning of Human Individuals	Paper
Darwin (Charles)	The Origin of Species	Paper
Dawkins (Richard)	The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution	Book
DeMyer (William)	Neuroanatomy	Book	2, 3
Edelman (Gerald M.)	Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind	Book
Flower (Michael J.)	Neuromaturation and the Moral Status of Human Fetal Life	Paper	2
Ford (Norman)	Implantation and the Beginning of a Human Individual	Paper	2
Ford (Norman)	The Human Individual Begins After Implantation	Paper
Ford (Norman)	When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science	Book	2, 3, 4, 5
Ford (Norman)	When Did I Begin: Introduction	Paper	2
Ford (Norman), Warnock (Mary)	When Did I Begin: Foreward & Preface	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Ghiselin (Michael)	Metaphysics and the Origin of Species: Preface & Introduction	Paper
Glannon (Walter)	Indentity, Prudential Concern, and Extended Lives	Paper
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book	2
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper	2
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Book
Grobstein (Clifford)	Science and the Unborn: Choosing Human Futures	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper		Yes
Hardwidge (Ben)	The Future of Silicon Chips	Paper		Yes
Hartl (Daniel L.)	Our Uncertain Heritage: Genetics & Human Diversity	Book
Hershenov (David)	Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Hershenov (David)	Perdure and Murder	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	Personal Identity	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Review of David DeGrazia’s Human Identity and Bioethics	Paper
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper		Yes
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Anscombe on Embryos and Persons	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Fission and Confusion	Paper
Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.)	Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Howsepian (Avak Albert)	Lockwood on human identity and the primitive streak	Paper	2
Howsepian (Avak Albert)	Who or What Are We?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Jones (D. Gareth)	The Human Embryo: Between Oblivion and Meaningful Life	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Kamm (F.M.)	Moral Status and Personal Identity: Clones, Embryos, and Future Generations	Paper
Kazez (Jean)	Life Doesn't Begin at Conception	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Kenny (Anthony)	Life Stories: When an individual life begins - and the ethics of ending it	Paper	2
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper		Yes
Koch (Christof)	When Does Consciousness Arise in Human Babies?	Paper		Yes
Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Conjoined Twins and the Biological Account of Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Totipotency, Twinning, and Ensoulment at Fertilization	Paper	2
Lerner (Berel Dov)	Review of 'Personal Identity and Ethics: A Brief Introduction' by David Shoemaker	Paper	2	Yes
Liao (S. Matthew)	The Organism View Defended	Paper		Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Yes
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper		Yes
Matthews (Gareth B.)	Life and Death as the Arrival and Departure of the Psyche	Paper	2
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Preface	Paper
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book
Oderberg (David)	Modal Properties, Moral Status, and Identity	Paper	2, 3
Oderberg (David)	The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Olson (Eric)	Is Psychology Relevant To Personal Identity?	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Psychology and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: References	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Page (Edgar)	Neonates, Persons and the Right to Life	Paper
Petrus (Klaus), Ed.	On Human Persons	Book
Profet (Margie)	Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of teratogens	Paper	2, 3
Pross (Addy)	What is Life?: How Chemistry Becomes Biology	Book		Yes
Puccetti (Roland)	The Conquest of Death	Paper
Radest (Howard B.)	Biomedical Ethics: Humanist Perspectives	Book	2, 3
Reid (Mark D.)	A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal	Paper	2
Rodwell (J.M.) & Jones (Alan), Qur'an	The Koran	Book
Shapiro (Michael)	The Identity of Identity: Moral and Legal Aspects of Technological Self-Transformation	Paper
Sheldrake (Rupert)	A New Science of Life: The Hypothesis of Formative Causation	Book	2
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper	2	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Moral Issues at the Beginning of Life, Part I: Killing	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Shoemaker (David)	Personal Identity and Ethics	Paper	2	Yes
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Paper
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Book	2
Singer (Peter)	Practical Ethics	Paper	2
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue	Paper		Yes
Stewart-Williams (Steve)	Darwin, God and the Meaning of Life: Clash of the Titans	Paper
Stock (Gregory)	The Battle for the Future	Paper
Stone (Jim)	Why Potentiality Matters	Paper
Streiffer (Robert)	Human/Non-Human Chimeras	Paper	2
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Abortion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chimera	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dicephalus	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fetuses	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fusion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Zygote	Paper	2	Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Tooley (Michael)	Abortion	Paper	2
Vatican	Instruction on Respect for Human Life in its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation: Replies to Certain Questions of the Day	Paper
Warnock (Mary)	Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation	Paper	2, 3
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Infants and Foetuses	Paper		Yes
Williams (Bernard)	Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research	Paper	2, 3
Wyatt (John)	Matters of Life and Death	Book

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Anscombe (G.E.M.)	Embryos and Final Causes	Paper - Cited	Anscombe (G.E.M) - Human Life, Action and Ethics	Yes
Anscombe (G.E.M.), Geach (Mary), Gormally (Luke), Eds.	Human Life, Action and Ethics	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	10%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper - Cited	UMass Magazine, Spring 2006	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Does a Person Begin?	Paper - Cited	Paul, Miller & Paul - Personal Identity, 2005	5%
Blatti (Stephan) & Snowdon (Paul), Eds.	Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	22%
Cameron (Nigel M. de S.)	Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	Book - Cited	Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) - Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	No
Cameron (Nigel M. de S.)	Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	Paper - By Subtopic	Cameron (Nigel M. de S.) - Embryos and Ethics: The Warnock Report in Debate	No
CIBA Foundation	Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	Book - By Subtopic	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No
Ford (Norman)	When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science	Book - Cited	Ford (Norman) - When Did I Begin: Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science	3%
Ghiselin (Michael)	Embryology as History and as Law	Paper - By Subtopic	Ghiselin - Metaphysics and the Origin of Species, 1997, Chapter 16	No
Ghiselin (Michael)	Metaphysics and the Origin of Species	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Ghiselin (Michael) - Metaphysics and the Origin of Species	1%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: Follow-up Boxes	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	100%
Hershenov (David)	Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status	Paper - By Subtopic	Persons, Moral Worth and Embryos: A Critical Analysis of Pro-Choice Arguments from Philosophy, Law and Science ed. Steve Napier. Philadelphia: National Catholic Bioethics Center, 2011, 125-144	11%
Hershenov (David)	Olson's Embryo Problem	Paper - By Subtopic	Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 80, Number 4, December 01, 2002, pp. 502-511(10)	No
Hershenov (David)	Perdure and Murder	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Medicine, 2011	8%
Hershenov (David) & Koch-Hershenov (Rose J.)	Anscombe on Embryos and Persons	Paper - By Subtopic	Anscombe and The Catholic Intellectual Tradition. Neumann Press. Eds. John Mizzoni, Philip Pegan, Geoffrey Karabin.. 2016. pp. 143-160.	22%
Hershenov (David) & Taylor (Adam P.)	Dualism, Panpsychism, and the Bioethical Status of Brainless Embryos	Paper - By Subtopic	Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 2(4). Special Issue on Personal Identity and Bioethics. November 2016.	6%
Howsepian (Avak Albert)	Who or What Are We?	Paper - By Subtopic	Review of Metaphysics, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Mar., 1992), pp. 483-502	6%
Kazez (Jean)	Life Doesn't Begin at Conception	Paper - Cited	The Philosophers' Magazine, 3rd November 2017	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Kazez (Jean)	The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Paper - Referencing	Kazez (Jean) - The Philosophical Parent: Asking the Hard Questions About Having and Raising Children	Yes
Kenny (Anthony)	Life Stories: When an individual life begins - and the ethics of ending it	Paper - By Subtopic	Times Literary Supplement, 2007	No
Lencz (Todd) & Carmi (Shai)	Selected before birth	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 17 February 2023	Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper - Cited	Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987	Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper - Referencing	Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987	Yes
Lockwood (Michael), Ed.	Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Lockwood (Michael), Ed.	Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Mallapaty (Smriti)	Human embryo models are getting more realistic — raising ethical questions	Paper - Cited	Nature 633, 268-271 (11 September 2024)	Yes
Marshall (Richard)	Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	37%
Marshall (Richard) & Olson (Eric)	Eric T. Olson: The Philosopher with No Hands	Paper - Referencing	Marshall (Richard) - Philosophy at 3:AM: Questions and Answers with 25 Top Philosophers	Yes
McLaren (Ann)	Prelude to Embryogenesis	Paper - Cited	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Do Human Embryos Have a Disposition to Personhood?	Paper - By Subtopic	Der manipulierbare Embryo: Potentialitäts und Speziesargumente auf dem Prüfstand, ed. by M. Hähnel, M. Rothhaar & R. Kipke, Münster: Mentis, 147-171	10%
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Potentiality and Disposition in the Discussion about the Moral Status of Human Embryos	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophisches Jahrbuch 122 (2015), 271-303	6%
Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James)	The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	Book - Referenced	Morowitz (Harold J.) & Trefil (James) - The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy	2%
Oderberg (David)	The Metaphysical Status of the Embryo: Some Arguments Revisited	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy 25 (2008): 263-76	8%
Olson (Eric)	Is Psychology Relevant To Personal Identity?	Paper - Referencing	Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 72, Number 2, June 1994, pp. 173-186(14).	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Papers on Identity Boxes: Vol 13 (Olson)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	16%
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Paul (Ellen), Miller (Fred) & Paul (Jeffrey), Eds.	Personal Identity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	0%
Reid (Mark D.)	A Case in Which Two Persons Exist in One Animal	Paper - Referencing	Blatti & Snowdon - Animalism: New Essays on Persons, Animals, and Identity, 2016: Part III, Chapter 12, pp. 253-265	42%
Shoemaker (David)	Embryos, Souls, and the Fourth Dimension	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Theory & Practice, Jan2005, Vol. 31 Issue 1, p51-75, 25p	Yes
Simmons (Aaron)	Do Embryos Have Interests? Why Embryos Are Identical to Future Persons but Not Harmed by Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Bioethical Inquiry volume 9, pages 57–66 (2012)	11%
Stone (Jim)	Why Potentiality Matters	Paper - Referencing	Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Dec., 1987), pp. 815-829	No
Strong (Carson)	Preembryo Personhood - An Assessment of the President’s Council Arguments	Paper - By Subtopic	Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics (2006) 27:433–453	6%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Embryo	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tollefsen (Christopher)	Embryos, Individuals, and Persons: An Argument Against Embryo Creation and Research	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Applied Philosophy; Apr2001, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p65, 14p	No
Wallingford (John)	Building embryos	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 16 May 2024	Yes
Warnock (Mary)	A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology	Book - Cited	Warnock (Mary) - A Question of Life - The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology	No
Warnock (Mary)	Ethical challenges in embryo manipulation	Paper - By Subtopic	British Medical Journal, 1992;304:1045-9	17%
Wikipedia	Embryo	Paper - Cited	Wikipedia; Extract taken 19 March 2023	17%
Williams (Bernard)	Types of Moral Argument Against Embryo Research	Paper - Cited	CIBA Foundation - Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?	No

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