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Personal Identity

Brain Death

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. Brain death is – loosely speaking, and rather uninformatively – just the death of the brain. More specifically, it is the death of the brain-stem. See "NHS - Brain Death" and "Wikipedia - Brain Death". Without a functioning brain-stem the human animal cannot survive without life-support, as the brain-stem regulates breathing and heartbeat (amongst much else); nor can the patient ever regain consciousness.
  2. Brain death is important in personal identity as it is often considered the point at which the animal – despite the best efforts of life-support systems – is “really” dead.
  3. There are different understandings of just when brain death occurs, and – indeed – on what it is. See, for example, the Wikipedia article above, which correctly distinguishes brain death (total failure of the brainstem) from a PVS².
  4. On the Brain View³ of Personal Identity, the death of the brain⁴ – consistently defined – is obviously the death of the person⁵ – that is if persons, qua persons, are the sort of thing that can die, as death is a biological event. Maybe more strictly, on the Brain View, brain death would be our death.
  5. The same is probably true of Mark Johnston’s view that we are Human Beings⁶.
  6. Brain death is important legally and ethically as it is used to decide when it is right to withdraw life support. It is said that the human being is already dead when the brain is dead. I don’t really want to get drawn into this ethical argument. As previously noted, without the regulating power of the brain the organism is already dead, so – on the animalist⁷ view – we are therefore dead. We don’t therefore exist in this state, whereas in a PVS we do exist, but don’t have anything that matters⁸ to us.
  7. See "Kaufman (Sharon) - Neither person nor cadaver" and comments thereon for various other issues, which will be included here in due course.

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  Further Remarks
  1. Topics related to this one include:-
     • Death⁹,
     • Near Death Experiences¹⁰

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Kaufman (Sharon) - Neither person nor cadaver", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read
  2. "NHS - Brain Death", 2023, External Link, Read = 200%
  3. "Wikipedia - Brain Death", 2023, External Link, Read = 100%
• For a page of Links¹¹ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹², include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Kaufman (Sharon) - Neither person nor cadaver", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Gert (Bernard), Lizza (John), Youngner (Stuart) & Chiong (Winston) - Matters of 'Life' and 'Death'", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Green (Michael) & Wikler (Daniel) - Brain Death and Personal Identity", 1980, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Lockwood (Michael) - When Does a Life Begin?", 1987, Annotations, Footnote₁₃
    5. "Mackie (David) - Personal Identity and Dead People", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Agich (George J.) & Jones (Royce P.) - Personal Identity and Brain Death: A Critical Response", 1986, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Bernat (James L.) - A Defense of the Whole-Brain Concept of Death", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Campbell (Courtney S.) - A No-Brainer: Criticisms of Brain-Based Standards of Death", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Chiong (Winston) - Brain Death without Definitions", 2006, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Cranford (Ronald E.) - The Persistent Vegetative State: The Medical Reality (Getting the Facts Straight)", 1988, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Dagi (T. Forcht) & Kaufman (Rebecca) - Clarifying the Discussion on Brain Death", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    7. "DeGrazia (David) - Identity, What We Are, and the Definition of Death", 2005, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    8. "Halevy (Amir) - Beyond Brain Death?", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Hershenov (David) - Olson's Embryo Problem", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death", 2006, Book, Read = 2%
    11. "McMahan (Jeff) - Endings", 2002
    12. "Morioka (Masahiro) - Brain Dead Person: Preface + TOC & Chapters 1, 2, 5 & 7", 1989, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    13. "Morioka (Masahiro) - Current Debate on the Ethical Issues of Brain Death", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Morioka (Masahiro) - Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson From Japan's Fifteen Years of Experience", 2001, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    15. "NHS - Brain Death", 2023, External Link, Read = 200%
    16. "Piccinini (Gualtiero) & Bahar (Sonya) - No Mental Life after Brain Death: The Argument from the Neural Localization of Mental Functions", 2015
    17. "Potts (Michael) - A Requiem for Whole Brain Death: A Response to D. Alan Shewmon's ‘The Brain and Somatic Integration’", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Seifert (Josef) - Is 'Brain Death' Actually Death", 1993, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Shewmon (D. Alan) - The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights Into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating “Brain Death” With Death", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Shewmon (D. Alan) - The Case of Jahi McMath: A Neurologist’s View", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
    21. "Singer (Peter) - Dr. Shann’s Dilemma", 1994
    22. "Singer (Peter) - How Death was Redefined", 1994
    23. "Singer (Peter) - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics", 1994, Book, Read = 1%
    24. "Steineck (Christian) - Brain Death, Death, and Personal Identity", 2003, Internal PDF Link
    25. "Veatch (Robert M.) - The Death of Whole-Brain Death: The Plague of the Disaggregators, Somaticists, and Mentalists", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    26. "Veatch (Robert M.) - The Evolution of Death and Dying Controversies", 2009, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Veatch (Robert M.) - The Impending Collapse of the Whole-Brain Definition of Death", 1993, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Veatch (Robert M.) - Would a Reasonable Person Now Accept the 1968 Harvard Brain Death Report? A Short History of Brain Death", 2018, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    29. "Walker (A. Earl) - Cerebral Death", 1977, Book, Read = 1%
    30. "Wikipedia - Brain Death", 2023, External Link, Read = 100%

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁴.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 13:

• Lockwood might deny that this is his view, that we are brains, but he seems committed to it, as far as I can see.

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Table of the Previous 9 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	4436	Brain Death
01/05/2022 18:20:10	4055	Brain Death
11/04/2022 00:01:26	3955	Brain Death
11/02/2021 11:29:46	3860	Brain Death
07/02/2021 19:46:34	2697	Brain Death
18/03/2020 10:22:05	3091	Brain Death
13/06/2018 10:24:58	4656	Brain Death
14/01/2017 20:18:14	1977	Brain Death
13/01/2015 19:07:41	508	Brain Death

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Brain Death	Death

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Brain	Brain Criterion	Death
Human Beings	Near Death Experiences	Note Links Explanation	Persistent Vegetative State	Person
Plug Note Apologia	What Matters	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Birch - The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Brain	Brain Criterion	Corpses	Death, 2, 3
Olson - What Are We? Animals	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3	Pregnancy	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)
Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3	Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Thesis - Current Stance	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Aeon	Video - What does dying really feel like?	Paper		Yes
Agich (George J.) & Jones (Royce P.)	Personal Identity and Brain Death: A Critical Response	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper		Yes
Bernat (James L.)	A Defense of the Whole-Brain Concept of Death	Paper	2, 3, 4
Birch (Jonathan)	The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Paper		Yes
Buzzi (Giorgio)	Correspondence: Near-Death Experiences	Paper		Yes
Campbell (Courtney S.)	A No-Brainer: Criticisms of Brain-Based Standards of Death	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Chiong (Winston)	Brain Death without Definitions	Paper	2
Cranford (Ronald E.)	The Persistent Vegetative State: The Medical Reality (Getting the Facts Straight)	Paper	2
Dagi (T. Forcht) & Kaufman (Rebecca)	Clarifying the Discussion on Brain Death	Paper	2
DeGrazia (David)	Identity, What We Are, and the Definition of Death	Paper
Donnelly (John)	Death and Ivan Ilych	Paper
Dworkin (Ronald W.)	Last hours of an organ donor	Paper		Yes
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary	Paper
Gert (Bernard), Lizza (John), Youngner (Stuart) & Chiong (Winston)	Matters of 'Life' and 'Death'	Paper		Yes
Halevy (Amir)	Beyond Brain Death?	Paper	2, 3
Hershenov (David)	Olson's Embryo Problem	Paper
Kamm (F.M.)	Acquisition of Organs	Paper
Lizza (John)	Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death	Book
Lizza (John)	Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death: Preface	Paper	2	Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5	Yes
Lustig (B. Andrew)	Theoretical and Clinical Concerns About Brain Death: The DebateContinues	Paper	2, 3
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper	2	Yes
McMahan (Jeff)	Endings	Paper
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Preface	Paper	2
Morioka (Masahiro)	Brain Dead Person: Preface + TOC & Chapters 1, 2, 5 & 7	Paper	2, 3, 4
Morioka (Masahiro)	Current Debate on the Ethical Issues of Brain Death	Paper
Morioka (Masahiro)	Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson From Japan's Fifteen Years of Experience	Paper	2
Olson (Eric)	The Human Animal: References	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper		Yes
Perry (John), Ed.	Personal Identity	Book		Yes
Piccinini (Gualtiero) & Bahar (Sonya)	No Mental Life after Brain Death: The Argument from the Neural Localization of Mental Functions	Paper	2
Potts (Michael)	A Requiem for Whole Brain Death: A Response to D. Alan Shewmon's ‘The Brain and Somatic Integration’	Paper	2
Puccetti (Roland)	The Conquest of Death	Paper
Seifert (Josef)	Is 'Brain Death' Actually Death	Paper
Singer (Peter)	Dr. Shann’s Dilemma	Paper
Singer (Peter)	How Death was Redefined	Paper
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	Book
Steineck (Christian)	Brain Death, Death, and Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Corpses	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper		Yes
Veatch (Robert M.)	The Death of Whole-Brain Death: The Plague of the Disaggregators, Somaticists, and Mentalists	Paper	2
Veatch (Robert M.)	The Impending Collapse of the Whole-Brain Definition of Death	Paper	2

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Aeon	Video - What does dying really feel like?	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 23 June 2022	Yes
Agich (George J.) & Jones (Royce P.)	Personal Identity and Brain Death: A Critical Response	Paper - Cited	Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 267-274	No
Agich (George J.) & Jones (Royce P.)	Personal Identity and Brain Death: A Critical Response	Paper - Referencing	Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Summer, 1986), pp. 267-274	No
Baillie (James)	We all know that we will die, so why do we struggle to believe it?	Paper - By Subtopic	Aeon, 04 November, 2019	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Bernat (James L.)	A Defense of the Whole-Brain Concept of Death	Paper - Cited	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1998), pp. 14-23	No
Birch (Jonathan)	The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Birch (Jonathan)	The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Paper - Referencing	Birch (Jonathan) - The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI	Yes
Buzzi (Giorgio)	Correspondence: Near-Death Experiences	Paper - Referencing	Lancet. Vol. 359, Issue 9323 (June 15, 2002): 2116-2117	Yes
Campbell (Courtney S.)	A No-Brainer: Criticisms of Brain-Based Standards of Death	Paper - Cited	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 539-551	No
Chiong (Winston)	Brain Death without Definitions	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 36, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2006), pp. 4-6	No
Dagi (T. Forcht) & Kaufman (Rebecca)	Clarifying the Discussion on Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 503-525	No
DeGrazia (David)	Human Identity and Bioethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	DeGrazia (David) - Human Identity and Bioethics	7%
DeGrazia (David)	Identity, What We Are, and the Definition of Death	Paper - By Subtopic	DeGrazia - Human Identity and Bioethics, 2005, Chapter 4	3%
Donnelly (John)	Death and Ivan Ilych	Paper - By Subtopic	Donnelly (John) - Language, Metaphysics and Death: A Metaphysical Reader (First Edition)	67%
Dworkin (Ronald W.)	Last hours of an organ donor	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 09 May 2024	Yes
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Forrester (Mary) - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics	4%
Forrester (Mary)	Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: Summary	Paper - By Subtopic	Forrester - Persons, Animals, and Fetuses: An Essay in Practical Ethics, 1996, Chapter 18	33%
Gert (Bernard), Lizza (John), Youngner (Stuart) & Chiong (Winston)	Matters of 'Life' and 'Death'	Paper - Cited	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 36, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2006), pp. 4-6	Yes
Green (Michael) & Wikler (Daniel)	Brain Death and Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1980, 105-133	Yes
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: A-B (& General)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul) - Aeon: A-B (& General)	100%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: G-K	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	31%
Halevy (Amir)	Beyond Brain Death?	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 493-501	No
Kaufman (Sharon)	Neither person nor cadaver	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 06 February, 2020	Yes
Lamb (David)	Diagnosing Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1978, 144-153	Yes
Lizza (John)	Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death	Book - Cited	Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death	2%
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper - Cited	Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987	Yes
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper - Referencing	Lockwood - Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine, 1987	Yes
Lockwood (Michael), Ed.	Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Lockwood (Michael), Ed.	Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	29%
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies 95, Number 3, September 1999, pp. 219-242(24).	Yes
Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith)	The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith) - The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	15%
McMahan (Jeff)	Endings	Paper - By Subtopic	Jeff McMahan - The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life, 2002, Chapter 5, pp. 423-504	No
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Preface	Paper - By Subtopic	Jeff McMahan - The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life, 2002, Preface	No
McMahan (Jeff)	The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	McMahan (Jeff) - The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life	No
Morioka (Masahiro)	Brain Dead Person: Preface + TOC & Chapters 1, 2, 5 & 7	Paper - By Subtopic	Website; Whole-chapter extracts from printed book (translated from the Japanese).	4%
Morioka (Masahiro)	Current Debate on the Ethical Issues of Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Proceedings of International Congress on Ethical Issues in Brain Death and Organ Transplantation, University of Tsukuba, (2004):57-59	No
Morioka (Masahiro)	Reconsidering Brain Death: A Lesson From Japan's Fifteen Years of Experience	Paper - By Subtopic	Hastings Center Report 31, no.4 (2001): 41-46	No
NHS	Brain Death	Paper - Cited	NHS Website, taken 28th February 2023	No
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Piccinini (Gualtiero) & Bahar (Sonya)	No Mental Life after Brain Death: The Argument from the Neural Localization of Mental Functions	Paper - By Subtopic	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 1, Chapter 6	No
Potts (Michael)	A Requiem for Whole Brain Death: A Response to D. Alan Shewmon's ‘The Brain and Somatic Integration’	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 479-491	No
Puccetti (Roland)	The Conquest of Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Donnelly (John) - Language, Metaphysics and Death: A Metaphysical Reader (First Edition)	33%
Seifert (Josef)	Is 'Brain Death' Actually Death	Paper - By Subtopic	The Monist, Vol. 76, No. 2, Philosophical Aspects of Death and Dying (APRIL 1993), pp. 175-202	No
Shewmon (D. Alan)	The Brain and Somatic Integration: Insights Into the Standard Biological Rationale for Equating “Brain Death” With Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Oct. 2001 26.5, pp. 457-478	No
Shewmon (D. Alan)	The Case of Jahi McMath: A Neurologist’s View	Paper - By Subtopic	Hastings Center Report , November-December 2018, pp. S75-6	No
Singer (Peter)	Birth after Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 1	No
Singer (Peter)	Dr. Shann’s Dilemma	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 3	No
Singer (Peter)	How Death was Redefined	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 2	No
Singer (Peter)	Making Quality of Life Judgments	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 6	No
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Singer (Peter) - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics	1%
Singer (Peter)	Rethinking Life & Death: Prologue	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Prologue	Yes
Singer (Peter)	Tony Bland and the Sanctity of Human Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Singer - Rethinking Life & Death - The Collapse Our Traditional Ethics, Chapter 4	No
Steineck (Christian)	Brain Death, Death, and Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	KronoScope, Volume 3, Number 2, 2003, pp. 227-249(23).	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Death	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Pregnancy	Paper - Referencing		Yes
Veatch (Robert M.)	The Death of Whole-Brain Death: The Plague of the Disaggregators, Somaticists, and Mentalists	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Aug. 2005, 30.4, pp. 353-378	No
Veatch (Robert M.)	The Evolution of Death and Dying Controversies	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 39, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2009), pp. 16-19	No
Veatch (Robert M.)	The Impending Collapse of the Whole-Brain Definition of Death	Paper - By Subtopic	The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1993), pp. 18-24	No
Veatch (Robert M.)	Would a Reasonable Person Now Accept the 1968 Harvard Brain Death Report? A Short History of Brain Death	Paper - By Subtopic	Hastings Center Report , November-December 2018, pp. S6-9	33%
Walker (A. Earl)	Cerebral Death	Book - Referenced	Walker (A. Earl) - Cerebral Death	1%
Wikipedia	Brain Death	Paper - Cited	Wikipedia, taken 28th February 2023	No

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1. Blue: Text by me; © Theo Todman, 2026

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