Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Organisms

(Work In Progress: output at 13/12/2025 23:52:48)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. Organisms feature highly in animalist discussions of personal identity, in that according to animalism², human persons³ are (numerically identical⁴ to) human animals⁵, which are organisms.
  2. According to some philosophers – for instance Peter Van Inwagen – sorites⁶ and multiple-occupancy⁷ arguments yield that the only things that exist⁸ are simples and organisms.
  3. Organisms are to be distinguished from their bodies⁹, which have different persistence conditions¹⁰, for example post-mortem as corpses¹¹.
  4. An organism seeks to maintain itself against its environment, and exchanges matter¹² with it. An organism possesses none of its matter essentially¹³, and may indeed replace all – or at least most of₁₄ – its matter many times during its life¹⁵.
  5. When organisms ultimately fail in the above endeavour, they die¹⁶.
  6. Prior to this, they are alive¹⁷; organisms are the only things that may properly be said to be alive – life is a biological process¹⁸. Other things may exist¹⁹, and come to an end, but they do not literally live²⁰ or die²¹.
  7. Normally, a proper part of an organism is not an organism. Presumably organelles – such as mitochondria – are (parasitic) organisms living within, and – collectively if not individually – essential²² parts²³ of, other organisms.
  8. In particular, a brain²⁴ is not an organism, but an organ. We are organisms, not organs, whatever psychological TEs²⁵ might imply, so we are not our brains. See my remarks on Brains²⁶, BIVs²⁷ and Brain Transplants²⁸ for discussion of whether we could survive as²⁹ our brains in a worst-case scenario and whether our brains are ‘just another organ’ as Olson³⁰ claims.
  9. The chapter on ‘Crowd Intelligence³¹’ in "Wohlleben (Peter) - The Inner Life of Animals: Surprising Observations of a Hidden World" suggests that ants and bees – while organisms in their own right – might be considered as cells in a Superorganism. Also, that there is such a thing as a ‘Hive Mind³²’. This thought might also suggest that human (and other) Societies³³ are Superorganisms. Finally, it relates to the thought that some organisms can be Scattered Objects³⁴, that is if Superorganisms are themselves organisms.
  10. For all this, see:-
      → Wikipedia: Superorganism
      → Wikipedia: Collective intelligence
      → Wikipedia: Swarm intelligence
  11. See "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities" for a full discussion of the persistence³⁵ of organisms, though this considers the generality. The book thinks that the general topic is too much swayed by considerations of large mammals, which – of course – is what we are, and the only organisms whose persistence conditions I care about in this research.

• ---

  Further Remarks:
  1. I’ve tried not to include too many items appearing under the head of Animalism³⁶ in the reading lists below.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities", 1999, Book, Read
• For a page of Links³⁷ to this Note, Click here, even though I suppressed “organism” (to avoid duplicates), given that the list is far too long – and too full of irrelevant items – for an updating run. But it is useful to cherry-pick interesting-looking items. In the lists below I’ve been fairly liberal with selecting those books and papers I’ve read, but for others have prioritised those with “organism(s)” in the title.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read³⁸, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Aeon - Video - Organism", 2021, External Link
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Embryos and Stem­Cell Research", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - When Do Persons Begin and End?", 2005, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue", 2014
    4. "Frisen (Jonas), Etc. - Retrospective Birth Dating of Cells in Humans", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Henriques (Martha) - Organisms might be quantum machines", 2016
    6. "Hershenov (David) - Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'", 2007, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Kingma (Elselijn) - Were You Part of Your Mother?", 2019, Annotations, External Link
    8. "Liao (S. Matthew) - The Organism View Defended", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Mackie (David) - Personal Identity and Dead People", 1999, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Olson (Eric) - Immanent Causation and Life After Death", 2010, Write-Up Note³⁹, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Olson (Eric) - Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave", 2015, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Steinhart (Eric) - Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms", 2001, Annotations
    13. "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities", 1999, Book
    14. "Wohlleben (Peter) - The Inner Life of Animals: Surprising Observations of a Hidden World", 2017, Book
• A further reading list might start with:-
  • General:
    1. "Andrews (Edgar) - Life in a cake mixer: The origin of living organisms", 2009, Read = 7%
    2. "Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor", 1971, Book, Read = 2%
    3. "Claxton (Guy) - Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks", 2015, Book, Read = 18%
    4. "DiFrisco (James) & Mossio (Matteo) - Diachronic Identity in Complex Life Cycles: An Organizational Perspective", 2020, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    5. "Dorr (Cian) - Merricks on the Existence of Human Organisms", 2003, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    6. "Hershenov (David) - Organisms and their Bodies: Response to LaPorte", 2009, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    7. "Hershenov (David) - Organisms, Artifacts, and Eliminativism", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    8. "Hershenov (David) - Persons as Proper Parts of Organisms", 2005, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    9. "Hershenov (David) - Soulless Organisms? Hylomorphism vs. Animalism", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
    10. "Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary) - On the Unity of the Parts of Organisms", 1997
    11. "Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Organisms and Natural Kinds", 1997, No Abstract
    12. "Horvath ( Christopher D.) - Some Questions about Identifying Individuals: Failed Intuitions about Organisms and Species", 1997, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Hudson (Hud) - I am Not an Animal!", 2007, Read = 11%
    14. "Huneman (Philippe) & Wolfe (Charles T.) - The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives: Introduction", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 22%
    15. "Karaca (Caglar) - Relational Basis Of The Organism’s Self-Organization", 2019, Internal PDF Link, Read = 1%
    16. "LaPorte (Joseph) - On Two Reasons for Denying That Bodies Can Outlast Life", 2009, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Lizza (John) - Persons as Human Organisms", 2006
    18. "Lizza (John) - Persons as Qualities or Phases of Human Organisms", 2006
    19. "Lockwood (Michael) - Of Persons and Organisms: A Reply to Howsepian", 1997, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Madden (Rory) - The Persistence of Animate Organisms", 2017?, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 3%
    21. "Moran (Alexander P.) - Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem", 2016, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    22. "Pradeu (Thomas) - What is An Organism? An Immunological Answer", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    23. "Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul) - Organisms, Groups, and Superorganisms", 1999
    24. "Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul) - The Organism Strikes Back", 1999
    25. "Steward (Helen) - Substances, Agents and Processes", 2020, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    26. "Symons (John) - The Individuality of Artifacts and Organisms", 2010, Internal PDF Link
    27. "Tzinman (Rina) - Memory, Organisms and the Circle of Life", 2018, Internal PDF Link, Read = 8%
    28. "Wiggins (David) - Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism", 2016, Read = 33%
    29. "Wilson (Jack) - Ontological Butchery: Organism Concepts and Biological Generalizations", 2000, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    30. "Wilson (Robert A.) & Barker (Matthew) - The Biological Notion of Individual", 2007, Internal PDF Link, Read = 5%
    31. "Zimmerman (Dean) - Theories of Masses and Problems of Constitution", 1995, Internal PDF Link

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder⁴⁰.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 14:

1. See "Frisen (Jonas), Etc. - Retrospective Birth Dating of Cells in Humans" for the argument that cerebral grey-matter retains its carbon atoms from infancy, and hence that neurons are as old as the individual. However, other cells are replaced – sometimes frequently.

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Table of the Previous 10 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
06/07/2023 00:43:12	6041	Organisms
20/09/2022 11:24:00	5819	Organisms
07/05/2022 00:44:38	5438	Organisms
16/02/2021 01:00:29	4858	Organisms
26/05/2020 21:51:50	3979	Organisms
14/07/2019 18:05:46	1773	Organisms
11/03/2018 20:19:41	3073	Organisms
04/07/2014 22:46:34	1468	Organisms
26/11/2007 23:25:26	84	Organisms
12/08/2007 10:17:46	80	Organisms

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
02/03/2026 06:46:15	Organisms	Animalism

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animalism	Animals	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Body	Brain
Brain Transplants	Brains in Vats	Corpses	Death	Essentialism
Existence	Human Persons	Intelligence	Life	Matter
Mereology	Mind	Note Links Explanation	Numerical Identity	Olson
Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Persistence	Persistence Criteria	Plug Note Apologia	Problem of the Many
Process Metaphysics	Scattered Objects	Society	Sorites	Survival
Thought Experiments	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Androids	Animalism	Animals, 2	Artifacts, 2	Baker - Materialism with a Human Face, 2, 3, 4
Baker - Personal Identity Over Time	Baker - Persons in the Material World, 2, 3, 4	Baker - Review - Olson - What Are We?	Biological Criterion, 2	Biological View
Bodily Continuity	Body	Body Criterion	Brain, 2	Change
Clones	Corpses, 2, 3	Criteria of Identity	Cyborgs, 2	Dicephalus, 2, 3
Dracula, 2	Essentialism	Fission	Human Beings, 2	Information
Intelligence	Life	Metamorphosis, 2	Mind	Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death
Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2	Olson - What Are We? The Question, 2	Persistent Vegetative State	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4	Plants
Psychological Continuity - Forward	Scattered Objects	Ship of Theseus, 2	Snowdon - The Self and Personal Identity	Society
Status: Personal Identity (2025 - December), 2	Status: Priority Task List (2026 - February), 2	Status: Summary (2025 - December), 2	Teletransportation	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It), 2, 3	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism), 2, 3
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection), 2, 3, 4	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51	Transplants	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
What are We?, 2

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Atkinson (Thomas)	N/A	Author
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke on Living Things	Paper		Yes
Bailey (Andrew M.)	N/A	Author
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	N/A	Author
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Personal Identity Over Time	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence)	Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality	Paper		Yes
Claxton (Guy)	Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks	Book
da Cunha (Rui Vieira)	Will I ever Be a Cyborg?	Paper
Dainton (Barry)	Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue	Paper		Yes
Donald (Merlin)	A Mind So Rare: Prologue	Paper		Yes
Ferner (Adam)	Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Paper
Han (Byung-Chul)	The copy is the original	Paper		Yes
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper		Yes
Hudson (Hud)	I am Not an Animal!	Paper
Johnston (Mark)	Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?	Paper
Kaufman (Dan)	The Resurrection of the Same Body and the Ontological Status of Organisms: What Locke Should Have (and Could Have) Told Stillingfleet	Paper
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper	2	Yes
Liao (S. Matthew)	The Organism View Defended	Paper		Yes
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper		Yes
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	N/A	Author
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Body or Organism? Eric T. Olson’s Charge of Cartesianism against the Bodily Criterion of Personal Identity	Paper
Moran (Alexander P.)	Animalism and the Thinking Parts Problem	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper	2	Yes
Schutz (Elna)	You are your body: here’s how to feel more at home in it	Paper		Yes
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper		Yes
Steinhart (Eric)	Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms	Paper		Yes
Thompson (Jon W.)	Individuation, Identity, and Resurrection in Thomas Jackson and John Locke	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Androids	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animalism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Artifacts	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Biological Criterion	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Biological View	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Bodily Continuity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Body	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Body Criterion	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Brain	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Change	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 08 (Arguments against Animalism)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 11 (Resurrection)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Clones	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Corpses	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Criteria of Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cyborgs	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dicephalus	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dracula	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Essentialism	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Fission	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Human Beings	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Information	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Intelligence	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Life	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Metamorphosis	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Mind	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Persistent Vegetative State	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Plants	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Psychological Continuity - Forward	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Scattered Objects	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Ship of Theseus	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Society	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Teletransportation	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Transplants	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - What Are We?	Paper	2	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Personal Identity Naturalized: Our Bodies, Our Selves	Paper		Yes
Wohlleben (Peter)	The Inner Life of Animals: Surprising Observations of a Hidden World	Book		Yes
Zimmerman (Dean)	Theories of Masses and Problems of Constitution	Paper
Zimmerman (Dean)	Video: Can We Survive Our Death?	Paper		Yes

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Aeon	Video - Organism	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 22 June 2021	Yes
Andrews (Edgar)	Life in a cake mixer: The origin of living organisms	Paper - Cited	Andrews (Edgar) - Who Made God? Searching For a Theory of Everything, Chapter 13	7%
Andrews (Edgar)	Who Made God? Searching For a Theory of Everything	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	37%
Ariew (Andre), Cummins (Robert) & Perlman (Mark)	Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Ariew (Andre), Cummins (Robert) & Perlman (Mark) - Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology	No
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke (Vol 2 - Ontology)	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	26%
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke on Living Things	Paper - Referencing	Ayers - Locke (Vol. 2 - Ontology), 1991, Chapter 19, pp. 216-228	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Embryos and Stem­Cell Research	Paper - Cited	UMass Magazine, Spring 2006	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Materialism with a Human Face	Paper - Referencing	Corcoran - Soul, Body and Survival, Chapter 10	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons and Bodies: A Constitution View	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper - Referencing	Baker (Lynne) - Persons and Bodies, Chapter 1, pp. 3-88	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Review of 'What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology' by Eric T. Olson	Paper - Referencing	Mind, 117:1120-1122, 2008	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Cited	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	When Do Persons Begin and End?	Paper - Referencing	Distinguished Faculty Lecture, December 5, 2005	Yes
Buller (David)	Function and Design Revisited	Paper - By Subtopic	Ariew, Cummins & Perlman - Functions: New Essays in the Philosophy of Psychology and Biology, 2002	No
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	Book - Cited	Cairns-Smith (A.G.) - The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	2%
Cairns-Smith (A.G.)	The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	Paper - By Subtopic	Cairns-Smith - The Life Puzzle - On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor	3%
Claxton (Guy)	Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks	Book - Cited	Claxton (Guy) - Intelligence in the Flesh: Why Your Mind Needs Your Body Much More Than it Thinks	18%
Corcoran (Kevin), Ed.	Soul, Body and Survival: Essays on the Metaphysics of Human Persons	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	99%
Dainton (Barry)	Self: Philosophy In Transit	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	7%
Dainton (Barry)	Self: Philosophy In Transit: Prologue	Paper - Cited	Dainton (Barry) - Self: Philosophy In Transit, Prologue	Yes
DiFrisco (James) & Mossio (Matteo)	Diachronic Identity in Complex Life Cycles: An Organizational Perspective	Paper - Cited	Dupré, J. (ed.): Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology, (History and Philosophy of Biology), Routledge, In press.	22%
Donald (Merlin)	A Mind So Rare: Prologue	Paper - Referencing	Donald - A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, 2001	Yes
Donald (Merlin)	A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	2%
Frisen (Jonas), Etc.	Retrospective Birth Dating of Cells in Humans	Paper - Cited	Cell, Vol. 122, 133–143, July 15, 2005	Yes
Gasser (Georg), Ed.	Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death?	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	96%
Gasser (Georg), Ed.	Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death?	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	96%
Gillett (Carl)	What you are and the evolution of organs, souls and superorganisms: a reply to Blatti	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis , Vol. 73, No. 2 (April 2013), pp. 271-279	22%
Haber (Matt)	Colonies Are Individuals: Revisiting the Superorganism Revival	Paper - By Subtopic	F. Bouchard and P. Huneman (eds), From Groups to Individuals: Evolution and Emerging Individuality, The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013)	6%
Henriques (Martha)	Organisms might be quantum machines	Paper - Cited	BBC Website ("Earth"), 18th July 2016	Yes
Hershenov (David)	Organisms and their Bodies: Response to LaPorte	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, Vol. 118, No. 471 (Jul., 2009), pp. 803-809	17%
Hershenov (David)	Organisms, Artifacts, and Eliminativism	Paper - By Subtopic	Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. (Resubmission Requested).	4%
Hershenov (David)	Persons as Proper Parts of Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	Theoria, 71:1, 2005, 29-37	11%
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper - Cited	Religious Studies, 43:2, June 2007, 237-242	Yes
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper - Referencing	Religious Studies, 43:2, June 2007, 237-242	Yes
Horvath ( Christopher D.)	Some Questions about Identifying Individuals: Failed Intuitions about Organisms and Species	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1997), pp. 654-668	No
Huneman (Philippe) & Wolfe (Charles T.)	The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives (2010), pp. 147-154	22%
Johnston (Mark)	Is Heaven a Place We Can Get To?	Paper - Referencing	Johnston (Mark) - Surviving Death, 2010	78%
Johnston (Mark)	Surviving Death	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	13%
Karaca (Caglar)	Relational Basis Of The Organism’s Self-Organization	Paper - By Subtopic	Academia.edu, Essex University	1%
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper - Cited	Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646	Yes
Kingma (Elselijn)	Were You Part of Your Mother?	Paper - Referencing	Mind, Volume 128, Issue 511, July 2019, Pages 609–646	Yes
LaPorte (Joseph)	On Two Reasons for Denying That Bodies Can Outlast Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, Vol. 118, No. 471 (Jul., 2009), pp. 795-801	No
Liao (S. Matthew)	The Organism View Defended	Paper - Cited	The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 334-350	Yes
Liao (S. Matthew)	The Organism View Defended	Paper - Referencing	The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 334-350	Yes
Liao (S. Matthew)	Twinning, Inorganic Replacement, and the Organism View	Paper - By Subtopic	Ratio, 4th January 2010	11%
Lizza (John)	Persons as Human Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	Lizza - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death, 2006, Chapter 6	No
Lizza (John)	Persons as Qualities or Phases of Human Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	Lizza - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death, 2006, Chapter 7	No
Lizza (John)	Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Lizza (John) - Persons, Humanity, & the Definition of Death	2%
Lockwood (Michael)	Of Persons and Organisms: A Reply to Howsepian	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb., 1997), pp. 42-44	No
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies 95, Number 3, September 1999, pp. 219-242(24).	Yes
Mackie (David)	Personal Identity and Dead People	Paper - Referencing	Philosophical Studies 95, Number 3, September 1999, pp. 219-242(24).	Yes
Madden (Rory)	The Persistence of Animate Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	Draft, obtained from Madden's webpage	3%
Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith)	The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	15%
Martin (L. Michael) & Augustine (Keith)	The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	15%
Mayr (Ernst)	Towards a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Mayr (Ernst) - Towards a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist	1%
Mayr (Ernst)	Towards a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist	Paper - By Subtopic	Mayr - Towards a New Philosophy of Biology	1%
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Bio-Agency: Can Organisms Act?	Paper - By Subtopic	Spann, A. S. / Wehinger, D. (Hg.): Vermögen und Handlung. Der dispositionale Realismus und unser Selbstverständnis als Handelnde, Münster: Mentis, 2014, 191-224	10%
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Body or Organism? Eric T. Olson’s Charge of Cartesianism against the Bodily Criterion of Personal Identity	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophisches Jahrbuch 117, 88-120, 2010	7%
Meincke (Anne Sophie) & Dupre (John), Eds.	Biological Identity: Perspectives from Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Biology	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	6%
Noble (Raymond) & Noble (Denis)	Harnessing stochasticity: How do organisms make choices?	Paper - By Subtopic	Chaos 28, 106309 (2018), Published Online: 09 October 2018	17%
Olson (Eric)	Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Paper - Cited	Gasser (Georg) - Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death? 2010	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Paper - Referencing	Gasser (Georg) - Personal Identity and Resurrection: How Do We Survive Our Death? 2010	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave	Paper - Cited	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 2, Chapter 19, 2015: 409-423	Yes
Olson (Eric)	Life After Death and the Devastation of the Grave	Paper - Referencing	Martin & Augustine - The Myth of an Afterlife, Part 2, Chapter 19, 2015: 409-423	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What are We? A Study of Personal Ontology	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 2 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper - Referencing	What Are We? A Study in Personal Ontology, Chapter 1 (November 2007: Oxford University Press.)	Yes
Pradeu (Thomas)	What is An Organism? An Immunological Answer	Paper - By Subtopic	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives (2010), pp. 247-267	11%
Schutz (Elna)	You are your body: here’s how to feel more at home in it	Paper - Referencing	Aeon, 22 May 2024	Yes
Shand (John)	Central Issues of Philosophy	Book - Referencing (via Paper Referencing)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	35%
Smith (Barry) & Varzi (Achille)	Fiat and Bona Fide Boundaries	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Mar., 2000), pp. 401-420	11%
Smith (Barry) & Varzi (Achille)	The Niche	Paper - By Subtopic	Noûs, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Jun., 1999), pp. 214-238	5%
Snowdon (Paul)	The Self and Personal Identity	Paper - Referencing	Shand (John) - Central Issues of Philosophy, Chapter 9	Yes
Steinhart (Eric)	Persons Versus Brains: Biological Intelligence in Human Organisms	Paper - Cited	Biology and Philosophy, Volume 16, Number 1, January 2001, pp. 3-27(25).	Yes
Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul)	Organisms, Groups, and Superorganisms	Paper - By Subtopic	Sterelny & Griffiths - Sex and Death - An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, Chapter 8	No
Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul)	Sex and Death - An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul) - Sex and Death - An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology	27%
Sterelny (Kim) & Griffiths (Paul)	The Organism Strikes Back	Paper - By Subtopic	Sterelny & Griffiths - Sex and Death - An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, Chapter 4	No
Steward (Helen)	Substances, Agents and Processes	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy 95, 2020, pp. 41-61	6%
Symons (John)	The Individuality of Artifacts and Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives (2010), pp. 233-246	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Tzinman (Rina)	Memory, Organisms and the Circle of Life	Paper - By Subtopic	Valerio Buonomo (ed.), The Persistence of Persons. Studies in the metaphysics of personal identity over time: pp. 243-273 (2018)	8%
Wiggins (David)	Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	33%
Wiggins (David)	Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	14%
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 1, pp. 1-21	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book - Cited	Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Individuality and Equivocation	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 3, pp. 48-68	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Ontological Butchery: Organism Concepts and Biological Generalizations	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science, Vol. 67, Supplement. Proceedings of the 1998 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association. Part II: Symposia Papers (Sep., 2000), pp. S301-S311	11%
Wilson (Jack)	Personal Identity Naturalized: Our Bodies, Our Selves	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilson, Jack - Biological Individuality: The identity and Persistence of Living Entities; 1999, Chap. 6, pp. 105-118	Yes
Wilson (Robert A.) & Barker (Matthew)	The Biological Notion of Individual	Paper - By Subtopic	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, First published Thu Aug 9, 2007; substantive revision Jan 12, 2013	5%
Wohlleben (Peter)	The Inner Life of Animals: Surprising Observations of a Hidden World	Book - Cited	Wohlleben (Peter) - The Inner Life of Animals: Surprising Observations of a Hidden World	Yes

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