Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Artifacts

(Work In Progress: output at 24/11/2025 19:24:58)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. Since artifacts are human inventions, they do not fall under natural kind² concepts, and so their persistence conditions may be to some degree a matter of convention³. Since human beings⁴ are (at least) organisms⁵, analogies with artifacts may be moot, to say the least.
  2. An interesting notion – I think due to Trenton Merricks (in "Merricks (Trenton) - Objects and Persons") and others – is nihilism⁶ with respect to artifacts. This is the view that there are no statues, but only atoms arranged statuewise.
     • If this is a correct account, then this would undermine the prime support of the Constitution View⁷.
     • The reason being that statues, and the like, are prime examples and motivators of the CV, whereby you can have two things (of different sorts⁸) in the same place at the same time, one of which constitutes⁹ the other.
     • If there are no such statues, then all this falls apart.
     • This would be odd because – as far as I remember – Trenton Merricks is a supporter of the CV.
     • Yet of course there are statues, but in what sense?
     • An idea I intend to play with (this may be Merricks’s, for all I know) is that artifacts are shared ideas (memes₁₀) projected onto the physical objects (which are indeed collections of atoms arranged X-wise, and the form of the X-wise structure is deliberately chosen to enable it to perform its function).
     • This agrees with, say, Baker’s notion that statues exist only in relation to an art-world. But they are ideas rather than things.
       
  3. See also the Ship of Theseus¹¹ under this head. It is the standard conundrum concerning the persistence conditions of artifacts, which are also the clearest contenders for the existence of intermittent objects¹². Some philosophers (sensibly) claim that a bicycle can survive being disassembled and then re-assembled, with the (rash) assumption that the bicycle doesn't exist in its disassembled state. Well, my view is that the bicycle does exist in the disassembled state. I'd be miffed if someone returned my bicycle in a disassembled state, but my miffedness wouldn't be because I thought I'd not received my bike back, but because it would be a pain to re-assemble it.
  4. The intermittent existence of objects is relevant to the issue of resurrection¹³ for physicalists. But the artifact model isn’t appropriate here. A bike can't survive its parts being mulched up and re-manufactured. In any case, we can't logically get our original atoms back (as organisms¹⁴ exchange atoms with their environment all the time, so there's no such things as "my atoms", since any such things would (over time) be shared with other organisms).
  5. There’s a disagreement – it seems – between Western and Eastern traditions as to whether material continuity and connectedness¹⁵ are required for the persistence of artifacts – in particular, for buildings. Japanese Shinto temples can be rebuilt next to one another and swapped over on a 20-year cycle while remaining “the same temple” (or temple complex). It’s the form that’s important, not the matter¹⁶, and it’s deemed essential to keep the matter in good condition – though not, of course, the same matter – using traditional crafts to replace it. See "Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese". This is something of a problem even in the Western tradition, as the reductio of “Trigger’s Broom” exemplifies.
  6. There is the claim that adopting a functional approach to personal identity is effectively treating persons as artifacts (which are defined by their functions – eg. a corkscrew – though there can be broken exemplars that can no longer perform the function). Presumably this is intended as a reductio ad absurdum of the functionalist¹⁷ account of personhood.
  7. Wiggins touches on the subject of persons as artifacts in "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity" (in "Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed"). From a quick look, it seems to me that Wiggins is saying that if we tinker around with human beings enough (whether genetically or by heroic surgical intervention), we have effectively turned them into artifacts of our own devising, and so there is no longer a natural-kind¹⁸-constrained answer to questions of their persistence conditions¹⁹. Since Wiggins seems to equate persons²⁰ and human beings²¹, the thought experiments²² if carried out in a world would lead to persons that are artifacts. But maybe he’s saying something deeper.
  8. This topic – the artefactual status of transplantees, and in particular Wiggins’s views on Persons and Human Beings – is covered in detail in the "Ferner (Adam) - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity".

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  Further Remarks
  1. My main research interest is in Personal Identity, so identifying the persistence conditions for artifacts₂₃ isn’t central to my concerns. However, they crop up all over the place in the Identity and Persistence literature, so it is important to have a considered view.
  2. While artifacts aren’t mentioned in "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)" (in "Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins"), maybe Wiggins is talking about the same sort of thing.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese", 2017, Book, Read
  2. "Merricks (Trenton) - Objects and Persons", 2001, Book, Read = 7%
  3. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity", 2001, Read = 48%
  4. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", 1996, No Abstract, Read
• For a page of Links²⁴ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read²⁵, include the following:-
  • Aeon:
    1. "Charney (Noah) - A fake of art", 2016, External Link
    2. "Han (Byung-Chul) - The copy is the original", 2018, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Matthes (Erich Hatala) - Palmyra’s ruins can rebuild our relationship with history", 2017, No Abstract, External Link, Internal PDF Link
  • General:
    1. "Carter (William) - Artifacts of Theseus: Fact and Fission", 1983, Write-Up Note²⁶, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Chandler (Hugh S.) - Theseus' Clothes-Pin", 1984, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese", 2017, Book
    4. "Hazlett (Allan) - Disassembly and Destruction", 2006, Annotations, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Lowenthal ( David) - Material Preservation and Its Alternatives", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Olson (Eric) - Immanent Causation and Life After Death", 2010, Write-Up Note²⁷, Annotations, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)", 1996, No Abstract
• A further reading list might start with₂₈:-
  • General:
    1. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Artifacts", 2007
    2. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - On the Twofold Nature of Artefacts: A Response to Wybo Houkes and Anthonie Meijers", 2006, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    3. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - Shrinking Difference - Response to Replies", 2010, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Metaphysics of Malfunction", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 7%
    5. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Ontological Significance of Artefacts", 2011, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 6%
    6. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Ontology of Artifacts", 2004, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Baker (Lynne Rudder) - The Shrinking Difference Between Artifacts and Natural Objects", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    8. "Bloom (Paul) - Artifacts", 2004, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    9. "Carter (William) - Salmon on Artifact Origins and Lost Possibilities", 1983, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Dauer (Francis W.) - How Not to Reidentify the Parthenon", 1972, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Denkel (Arda) - Artifacts and Constituents", 1995, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Dennett (Daniel) - Artifactual Selves: a Response to Lynne Rudder Baker", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    13. "Dennett (Daniel) - The Self as a Responding - and Responsible - Artifact", 2003, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Elder (Crawford) - Artifacts and Other Copied Kinds", 2004
    15. "Ferner (Adam) - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity", 2014, Write-Up Note²⁹, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 127%
    16. "Forbes (Graeme) - Two Solutions To Chisholm's Paradox", 1984
    17. "Hershenov (David) - Organisms, Artifacts, and Eliminativism", Undated, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 4%
    18. "Hershenov (David) - Scattered Artifacts", 2002, External Link, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Houkes (Wybo) & Vermaas (Pieter) - Actions Versus Functions: A Plea For An Alternative Metaphysics Of Artifacts", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    20. "Katayama (Errol) - Aristotle on Artifacts: A Metaphysical Puzzle", 1999, Book
    21. "Kohak (Erazim) - Creation's Orphans: Towards a Metaphysics of Artifacts", 1985, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Lowe (E.J.) - On the Identity of Artifacts", 1983, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Merricks (Trenton) - Belief and Practice", 2001, Read = 4%
    24. "Merricks (Trenton) - Explaining Eliminativism", 2001, Read = 17%
    25. "Merricks (Trenton) - Objects and Persons", 2001, Book, Read = 7%
    26. "Puccetti (Roland) - Person-Artifacts", 1968
    27. "Putman (Daniel) - Natural Kinds and Human Artifacts", 1982, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Richmond (Alasdair) - Time Travel, Parahistory and the Past Artefact Dilemma", 2010, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    29. "Symons (John) - The Individuality of Artifacts and Organisms", 2010, Internal PDF Link
    30. "Thomasson (Amie L.) - Realism and Human Kinds", 2003
    31. "Tzouvaras (Athanassios) - Significant Parts and Identity of Artifacts", 1993, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Tzouvaras (Athanassios) - Worlds of Homogeneous Artifacts", 1995, Internal PDF Link
    33. "Van Inwagen (Peter) - Artifacts", 1990, No Abstract
    34. "Wiggins (David) - Personal Identity", 2001, Read = 48%
    35. "Wiggins (David) - Reply to Richard Wollheim", 1978, No Abstract

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder³⁰.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 10:

1. There’s an extensive literature on this topic, stemming from Richard Dawkins, which I’ll not pursue here.
2. There’s a claim in "Harari (Yuval Noah) - Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" that the cohesive power of human societies and hence the rise of homo sapiens as a species is down to our shared belief in “fictions”.
3. Yuval Noah Harari’s use of “fiction” is pejorative and non-standard, as he uses it for anything from religious beliefs to limited companies.
4. Even those philosophers of religion who use the term “myths” for religious beliefs are keen to assert that “myth” does not men “fiction”, even though some myths are fictions as well.

Footnote 23:

• Rather irritatingly, “artefact” is the British English spelling, but most papers on the topic use the American English spelling “artifact”.
• I doubt I’ve been consistent in my usage.

Footnote 28:

• I’ve ignored items covered elsewhere, eg. under Ship of Theseus.
• The categorised reading list is rather long, so I’ve had to be selective.

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Table of the Previous 12 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
06/07/2023 00:43:12	8893	Artifacts
20/09/2022 11:24:00	8575	Artifacts
01/05/2022 18:20:10	8161	Artifacts
07/02/2021 19:46:34	7820	Artifacts
26/05/2020 21:51:50	6753	Artifacts
13/05/2020 19:30:43	6072	Artifacts
12/03/2018 15:21:36	6699	Artifacts
03/02/2018 18:44:38	5014	Artifacts
02/07/2015 23:12:29	3458	Artifacts
27/06/2011 18:57:36	2304	Artifacts
26/11/2007 23:25:26	1318	Artifacts
12/08/2007 10:17:46	115	Artifacts

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
14/04/2026 04:10:40	Artifacts	Research - Proposal

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Carter – Artifacts of Theseus	Connectedness vs Continuity	Constitution	Constitution View
Convention	Ferner - Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Functionalism	Homo Sapiens	Human Beings
Intermittent Objects	Matter	Natural Kinds	Nihilism	Note Links Explanation
Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Organisms	Persistence Criteria	Person	Plug Note Apologia
Resurrection	Ship of Theseus	Sortals	Thought Experiments	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Androids, 2	Baker - Materialism with a Human Face, 2, 3	Baker - Personal Identity Over Time	Baker - Persons in the Material World, 2	Concepts, 2
Contingent Identity	Convention	Criteria of Identity	Cyborgs	Dracula
Intermittent Objects, 2	Olson - Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Ontology	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	RIP: The Royal Institute of Philosophy - Podcasts
Ship of Theseus, 2, 3	Teletransportation	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It), 2, 3
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments), 2, 3	Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Thesis - Current Stance	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke on Living Things	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	N/A	Author
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Personal Identity Over Time	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Persons in the Material World	Paper	2	Yes
Clark (Andy) & Kuhn (Robert Lawrence)	Aeon: Video - Andy Clark - Virtual immortality	Paper		Yes
Corcoran (Kevin)	The Constitution View	Paper
Ferner (Adam)	Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Paper
Han (Byung-Chul)	The copy is the original	Paper		Yes
Hershenov (David)	Review of Nancey Murphy's 'Bodies and Souls, or Spirited Bodies?'	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	Immanent Causation and Life After Death	Paper		Yes
RIP	The Royal Institute of Philosophy - Podcasts	Paper
Swinburne (Richard)	How To Determine Which Is The True Theory Of Personal Identity	Paper
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Androids	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 05 (Persistence and Time)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 07 (The Constitution View and Arguments for It)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 12 (Conclusion)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Concepts	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Contingent Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Convention	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Criteria of Identity	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Current Position	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Cyborgs	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dracula	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Intermittent Objects	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Ontology	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Ship of Theseus	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Teletransportation	Paper		Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper		Yes
Zimmerman (Dean)	Theories of Masses and Problems of Constitution	Paper

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Artifacts	Paper - Cited	Baker (Lynne) - The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism, Chapter 3	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	On the Twofold Nature of Artefacts: A Response to Wybo Houkes and Anthonie Meijers	Paper - Cited	Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 37:132–36, 2006	17%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Shrinking Difference - Response to Replies	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Association Newsletter: Philosophy and Computers, 09(2):3–38, 2010	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Metaphysics of Everyday Life: An Essay in Practical Realism	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	2%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Metaphysics of Malfunction	Paper - By Subtopic	Forthcoming in Techne, though presented at a conference (Artefacts in Philosophy) at the Delft University of Technology, Oct. 3-4, 2004.	7%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Ontological Significance of Artefacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Olga Soliarova, Ed., Ontologies of Artefacts. Moscow: Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Delo, 2011	6%
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Ontology of Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Explorations, Jun2004, Vol. 7 Issue 2, p99-111, 13p	No
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	The Shrinking Difference Between Artifacts and Natural Objects	Paper - By Subtopic	American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Philosophy and Computers, 7(2), Spring 2008	11%
Bloom (Paul)	Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Bloom (Paul) - Descartes' Baby, Chapter 2	4%
Bloom (Paul)	Descartes' Baby: How Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Bloom (Paul) - Descartes' Baby: How Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human	0%
Broackes (Justin) & Hacker (P.M.S.)	Substance: Things and Stuffs	Paper - By Subtopic	Supplement to the Proceedings of The Aristotelian Society 2004, Vol. 78 Issue 1, p41-63, 23p	No
Carter (William)	Artifacts of Theseus: Fact and Fission	Paper - By Subtopic	Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61.3 (September 1983)	Yes
Carter (William)	Salmon on Artifact Origins and Lost Possibilities	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Review 92, No. 2, Apr., 1983, pp. 223-231	No
Chandler (Hugh S.)	Theseus' Clothes-Pin	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Mar., 1984), pp. 55-58	Yes
Charney (Noah)	A fake of art	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 05 February 2016	Yes
Dauer (Francis W.)	How Not to Reidentify the Parthenon	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Dec., 1972), pp. 63-64	No
Denkel (Arda)	Artifacts and Constituents	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 55, No. 2, Jun., 1995, pp. 311-322	No
Dennett (Daniel)	Artifactual Selves: a Response to Lynne Rudder Baker	Paper - By Subtopic	Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences, March 2014	No
Dennett (Daniel)	The Self as a Responding - and Responsible - Artifact	Paper - By Subtopic	Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, The Self from Soul to Brain 1001: 39-50.	No
Elder (Crawford)	Artifacts and Other Copied Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Elder - Real Natures, 2004, Chapter 7	No
Elder (Crawford)	Real Natures and Familiar Objects	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Elder (Crawford) - Real Natures and Familiar Objects	No
Elder (Crawford)	Real Natures and Familiar Objects: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Elder - Real Natures, 2004, Introduction	No
Ellis (Brian)	Australasian Journal of Philosophy - 61.3 (September 1983)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Ellis (Brian) - Australasian Journal of Philosophy - 61.3 (September 1983)	83%
Ferner (Adam)	Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Paper - Cited	PhD Thesis, Birkbeck, 2014	98%
Fine (Gail)	Forms of Artefacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Fine - On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms, 1993, Chapter 6	No
Fine (Gail)	On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Fine (Gail) - On Ideas - Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms	11%
Griffin (Donald)	Animal Minds	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Griffin (Donald) - Animal Minds	1%
Griffin (Donald)	Construction of Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Griffin (Donald) - Animal Minds, 1992, Chapter 4	No
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: G-K	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	31%
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: L-P	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	33%
Han (Byung-Chul)	Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese	Book - Cited	Han (Byung-Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese	Yes
Han (Byung-Chul)	Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese	Paper - By Subtopic	Han (Byung–Chul) - Shanzhai: Deconstruction in Chinese	Yes
Han (Byung-Chul)	The copy is the original	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 08 March, 2018	Yes
Harari (Yuval Noah)	Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind	Book - Cited	Harari (Yuval Noah) - Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind	Yes
Harris (Henry)	Scientific Models and Man	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Harris (Henry) - Scientific Models and Man	9%
Hazlett (Allan)	Disassembly and Destruction	Paper - By Subtopic	The Monist, Vol. 89, No. 3, Coming into Being and Passing Away (July 2006), pp. 418-433	Yes
Hershenov (David)	Organisms, Artifacts, and Eliminativism	Paper - By Subtopic	Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. (Resubmission Requested).	4%
Hershenov (David)	Scattered Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Southern Journal of Philosophy 42, 2002, pp. 211-216	No
Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary)	Substance: Its Nature and Existence	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Substance: Its Nature and Existence	No
Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary)	What Kinds of Physical Substances are there?	Paper - By Subtopic	Hoffman & Rosenkrantz - Substance: Its Nature and Existence, Chapter 5, pp. 150-187	No
Houkes (Wybo) & Vermaas (Pieter)	Actions Versus Functions: A Plea For An Alternative Metaphysics Of Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist, Jan2004, Vol. 87 Issue 1, p52-71, 20p	No
Katayama (Errol)	Aristotle on Artifacts: A Metaphysical Puzzle	Book - Cited	Katayama (Errol) - Aristotle on Artifacts: A Metaphysical Puzzle	No
Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.)	Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	Book - Cited	Lovibond (Sabina) & Williams (S.G.) - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins	10%
Lowe (E.J.)	On the Identity of Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 80.4, April 1983, pp. 220-232	No
Lowenthal ( David)	Material Preservation and Its Alternatives	Paper - By Subtopic	Perspecta, Vol. 25 (1989), pp. 66-77	Yes
Matthes (Erich Hatala)	Palmyra’s ruins can rebuild our relationship with history	Paper - Cited	Aeon, 08 March, 2017	Yes
Merricks (Trenton)	Belief and Practice	Paper - By Subtopic	Merricks - Objects and Persons, 2001, Chapter 7	4%
Merricks (Trenton)	Explaining Eliminativism	Paper - By Subtopic	Merricks - Objects and Persons, 2001, Chapter 1	17%
Merricks (Trenton)	Objects and Persons	Book - Cited	Merricks (Trenton) - Objects and Persons	7%
Puccetti (Roland)	Person-Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Puccetti - Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe, 1968, Chapter 2	No
Puccetti (Roland)	Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Puccetti (Roland) - Persons: A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe	2%
Putman (Daniel)	Natural Kinds and Human Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 91, No. 363 (Jul., 1982), pp. 418-419	No
Richmond (Alasdair)	Time Travel, Parahistory and the Past Artefact Dilemma	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy, Vol. 85, No. 333 (July 2010) (pp. 369-373)	17%
Simons (Peter)	On Being the Same Ship(s) - or Electron(s): Reply to Hughes	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 106, No. 424, Oct., 1997, pp. 761-767	No
Smart (Brian)	The Ship of Theseus, the Parthenon and Disassembled Objects	Paper - By Subtopic	Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Oct., 1973), pp. 24-27	No
Symons (John)	The Individuality of Artifacts and Organisms	Paper - By Subtopic	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives (2010), pp. 233-246	No
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Van Inwagen - Material Beings; 1990; Ch. 13	No
Van Inwagen (Peter)	Material Beings	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Van Inwagen (Peter) - Material Beings	27%
Wiggins (David)	Personal Identity	Paper - Cited	Wiggins - Sameness and Substance Renewed, 2001, Chapter 7	48%
Wiggins (David)	Reply to Snowdon (Persons and Personal Identity)	Paper - Cited	Lovibond & Williams - Identity, Truth & Value: Essays for David Wiggins, 1996	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Sameness and Substance Renewed	Book - Cited	Wiggins (David) - Sameness and Substance Renewed	16%
Wilkinson (D.H.)	The Universe as Artefact	Paper - By Subtopic	Harris - Scientific Models and Man	17%
Zimmerman (Dean)	Theories of Masses and Problems of Constitution	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Review, vol. civ (1995), pp. 53–110	No

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