Theo Todman's Web Page - Notes Pages

Personal Identity

Natural Kinds

(Text as at 06/07/2023 00:43:12)

Plug Note¹

• Thesis Text:
  1. This topic is a subsidiary to that of Kinds².
     1. A kind is a way of categorising things.
     2. Some ways of categorising things are more “natural” than others – ie they reflect the way the world is, rather than the way we and our interests are. Natural kinds “carve the world at the joints”.
     3. So, toothbrushes form a kind, but it is not a natural kind, whereas lions form a natural kind, as does gold.
  2. A good general introduction to this topic is "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?".
  3. I have some questions on Natural Kinds related to the topic of PID:-
     1. Is the concept of a PERSON³ a natural kind concept?
     2. Can PERSON be analysed in terms of other concepts, or do we presuppose it?
     3. See, for example, "Madell (Geoffrey) - The Identity of the Self" for the alleged unanalysability of the concept PERSON. This is the Simple View⁴.
     4. It may be the case that SENTIENT BEING (or RATIONAL BEING) is the natural kind concept, and that PERSON, with its social / legal / moral overtones, is something cultures assign.
     5. Even so, the concept HUMAN ANIMAL⁵ is really the natural kind concept, exemplars of which gain or lose the properties⁶ of sentience, rationality, and even the first-person perspective⁷.
  4. When does a natural kind come into existence?
     1. Natural kinds are concepts⁸, and such questions are controversial.
     2. Maybe I should side-step this question and simply talk about when the concept becomes instantiated, which is when the first individual that falls under it comes into existence, though this may be before the concept is formulated or even conceived of.

References

• Relevant Works cited above:
  1. "Madell (Geoffrey) - The Identity of the Self", 1985, Book
• For a Page of Links⁹ to this Note, Click here.
• Works on this topic that I’ve actually read¹⁰, include the following:-
  • General:
    1. "Arnold (Keith) - The Subject of Radical Change", 1978, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Baillie (James) - Identity, Survival, and Sortal Concepts", 1990, Internal PDF Link
    3. "Baillie (James) - What Am I?", 1993, Write-Up Note¹¹, Footnote₁₂
    4. "Hirsch (Eli) - Natural Kinds and Natural Units", 1982
    5. "Kripke (Saul) - Naming and Necessity: Lecture III", 1980, Write-Up Note¹³
    6. "Reid (Jasper) - Kripke on Naming and Necessity (Course Notes)", 2015, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Salmon (Nathan) - Reference and Essence - Prefaces & Introduction", 2005, External Link
    8. "Wiggins (David) - Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as Natural Kind", 1976, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities", 1999, Book
• The study-list for Natural Kinds could be quite extensive, based on the categorised reading list, so I’ve been highly selective. Probably best to start with "Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma) - Natural Kinds":-
  • General:
    1. "Ayers (Michael R.) - Locke Versus Aristotle on Natural Kinds", 1981, Internal PDF Link
    2. "Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma) - Natural Kinds", 2008-17, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 50%
    3. "Brody (Baruch) - Natural Kinds and Real Essences", 1967, Internal PDF Link
    4. "Brown (Jessica) - Natural Kind Terms and Recognitional Capacities", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    5. "Caplan (Arthur L.) - Have Species Become Declasse?", 1980, Internal PDF Link
    6. "Charland (Louis C.) - The Natural Kind Status of Emotion", 2002, Internal PDF Link
    7. "Cooper (Rachel) - Why Hacking is Wrong about Human Kinds", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    8. "Daly (Chris) - Defending Promiscuous Realism About Natural Kinds", 1996, Internal PDF Link
    9. "Daly (Chris) - Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson", 1996, Internal PDF Link
    10. "Dupre (John) - In Defence of Classification", 2001, Internal PDF Link
    11. "Dupre (John) - Is 'Natural Kind' a Natural Kind Term?", 2002, Internal PDF Link
    12. "Dupre (John) - The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science", 1995, Book
    13. "Dupre (John) - Wilkerson on Natural Kinds", 1989, Internal PDF Link
    14. "Elder (Crawford) - Higher and Lower Essential Natures", 1994
    15. "Elder (Crawford) - Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson", 1997, Internal PDF Link, Read = 67%
    16. "Ellis (Brian) - Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    17. "Ereshefsky (Marc) - Bridging the Gap between Human Kinds and Biological Kinds", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    18. "Fales (Evan) - Natural Kinds and Freaks of Nature", 1982, Internal PDF Link
    19. "Funkhouser (Eric) - Notes on Quine, 'Natural Kinds'", 2014, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 33%
    20. "Griffiths (Paul) - Cladistic classification and functional explanation", 1994, Internal PDF Link
    21. "Griffiths (Paul) - Darwinism, Process Structuralism, and Natural Kinds", 1996, Internal PDF Link
    22. "Griffiths (Paul) - Emotions as Natural and Normative Kinds", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    23. "Hacking (Ian) - How 'Natural' are 'Kinds' of Sexual Orientation?", 2002, Internal PDF Link
    24. "Haslam (Nick O.) - Natural Kinds, Human Kinds, and Essentialism", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    25. "Haukioja (Jussi) - Semantic Externalism and A Priori Self-Knowledge", 2004, Internal PDF Link
    26. "Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander) - What are Natural Kinds?", 2011, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    27. "Kahane (Howard) - Thomason on Natural Kinds", 1969, Internal PDF Link
    28. "Khalidi (Muhammad Ali) - Natural Kinds and Crosscutting Categories", 1998, No Abstract, Internal PDF Link
    29. "Kim (Jaegwon) - Moral Kinds and Natural Kinds: What's the Difference: For a Naturalist?", 1997, Internal PDF Link
    30. "Kitcher (Patricia) - Natural Kinds and Unnatural Persons", 1979, Internal PDF Link
    31. "Kitts (David B.) & Kitts (David J.) - Biological Species as Natural Kinds", 1979, Internal PDF Link
    32. "Koslicki (Kathrin) - Natural Kinds and Natural Kind Terms", 2008, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 17%
    33. "LaPorte (Joseph) - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change: Introduction", 2003, No Abstract
    34. "LaPorte (Joseph) - Natural Kinds, Rigidity, and Essence", 2003, No Abstract
    35. "LaPorte (Joseph) - What Is a Natural Kind, and Do Biological Taxa Qualify", 2003, No Abstract
    36. "Madell (Geoffrey) - The Identity of the Self", 1985, Book
    37. "Mellor (D.H.) - Natural Kinds", 1977, Internal PDF Link
    38. "Monck (W.H.S.) - Mill's Doctrine of Natural Kinds", 1887, Internal PDF Link
    39. "Moreno (Luis Fernández) - Reference Change of Natural Kind Terms", 1999, Internal PDF Link
    40. "Quine (W.V.) - Natural Kinds", 1969, Read = 19%
    41. "Read (Rupert) & Sharrock (Wes) - Thomas Kuhn's Misunderstood Relation to Kripke-Putnam Essentialism", 2002, Internal PDF Link
    42. "Resnick (Lawrence) - Empiricism and Natural Kinds", 1960, Internal PDF Link
    43. "Ruse (Michael) - Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What?", 1987, Internal PDF Link
    44. "Schwartz (Stephen P.) - Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds: Introduction", 1977, Read = 2%
    45. "Schwartz (Stephen P.) - Natural Kinds and Nominal Kinds", 1980, Internal PDF Link
    46. "Sider (Ted) - Naturalness and Arbitrariness", 1996, External Link, Internal PDF Link, Read = 11%
    47. "Slater (Matthew H.) - Monism on the One Hand, Pluralism on the Other", 2005, Internal PDF Link
    48. "Sober (Elliott) - Natural Kind", 1996, No Abstract
    49. "Thomason (Richmond H.) - Species, Determinates and Natural Kinds", 1969, Internal PDF Link
    50. "Towry (M.H.) - On the Doctrine of Natural Kinds", 1887, Internal PDF Link
    51. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Natural Kinds", 1995, Book
    52. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Recent Work on Natural Kinds", 1998, Internal PDF Link
    53. "Wilkerson (T.E.) - Species, Essences and the Names of Natural Kinds", 1993, Internal PDF Link
    54. "Wilson (Robert) - Promiscuous Realism", 1996, Internal PDF Link

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• For a list of Works that have been considered, but have missed the cut for inclusion in this Section of my Thesis, see the following:-
  1. Read: No items to list.
  2. Further Reading: No items to list.
• This is mostly a place-holder¹⁴.

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In-Page Footnotes:

Footnote 12:

• This paper – inter alia – confirms my “take” on the Cheshire Cat’s smile.
• See Draft Note, Review Comments.

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Table of the Previous 10 Versions of this Note:

Date	Length	Title
20/09/2022 11:24:00	5034	Natural Kinds
01/05/2022 18:20:10	4707	Natural Kinds
02/07/2021 20:32:38	4373	Natural Kinds
15/02/2021 13:40:48	3106	Natural Kinds
29/09/2020 00:54:43	2336	Natural Kinds
23/07/2018 00:40:19	4457	Natural Kinds
05/04/2016 23:19:41	2453	Natural Kinds
18/12/2010 19:58:05	913	Natural Kinds
26/11/2007 23:25:26	817	Natural Kinds
12/08/2007 10:17:46	698	Natural Kinds

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Note last updated	Reading List for this Topic	Parent Topic
06/07/2023 00:43:12	Natural Kinds	Kinds

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Summary of Notes Referenced by This Note

Animals	Awaiting Attention (Personal Identity)	Baillie - What Am I?	Concepts	First-Person Perspective
Jen_080204 (Brandom, Chisholm, Baillie)	Kinds	Kripke - Naming and Necessity - Lecture III	Note Links Explanation	Person
Plug Note Apologia	Properties	Simple View	Works Read - Explanation

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Summary of Notes Citing This Note

Aeon Papers	Androids	Artifacts, 2	Baker - Materialism with a Human Face, 2, 3, 4	Baker - Personal Identity Over Time
Concepts, 2, 3	Convention	Daniel Dennett – Conditions of Personhood	Dracula	Existential Passage
Homo Sapiens	Kinds, 2, 3, 4	Olson - What Are We? Animals, 2	Olson - What Are We? The Question, 2	Person
Phase Sortals	PID Note, Book & Paper Usage, 2, 3, 4	Research - Focus	Research - Proposal	Self
Semantics	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What are We?)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?), 2	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)
Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Thesis - Personal Identity, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18	Universals	Website Generator Documentation - Functors, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

To access information, click on one of the links in the table above.

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Authors, Books & Papers Citing this Note

Author	Title	Medium	Extra Links	Read?
Aeon	Video - A is for autism	Paper		Yes
Arnold (Keith)	The Subject of Radical Change	Paper	2	Yes
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke on Living Things	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke Versus Aristotle on Natural Kinds	Paper
Ayers (Michael R.)	Substance: Prolegomena to a Realist Theory of Identity	Paper	2
Baillie (James)	Identity, Survival, and Sortal Concepts	Paper	2	Yes
Baillie (James)	What Am I?	Paper		Yes
Baker (Lynne Rudder)	Personal Identity Over Time	Paper		Yes
Baldwin (Thomas)	Reviews: Sameness and Substance by David Wiggins; Objects and Identity by Harold Noonan	Paper	2
Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma)	Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50
Blatti (Stephan)	Animalism and its Implications	Paper		Yes
Bourgeois (Warren)	Contemporary Philosophers' Views on Persons: Wiggins and Williams	Paper
Brennan (Andrew)	Memories, Bodies, and Survival	Paper
Broackes (Justin) & Hacker (P.M.S.)	Substance: Things and Stuffs	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	A Theory of Essentialism	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	Natural Kinds and Real Essences	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	The Essence of Humanity	Paper
Brody (Baruch)	Why Settle for Anything Less than Good Old-Fashioned Aristotelian Essentialism	Paper
Brown (Curtis)	Narrow Mental Content	Paper
Brown (Jessica)	Natural Kind Terms and Recognitional Capacities	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Caplan (Arthur L.)	Have Species Become Declasse?	Paper
Cartwright (Nancy)	How the Laws of Physics Lie	Paper
Chandler (Hugh S.)	Theseus' Clothes-Pin	Paper		Yes
Charland (Louis C.)	The Natural Kind Status of Emotion	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Churchland (Patricia)	Reduction and the neurobiological basis of consciousness	Paper
Clark (Stephen)	Non-Personal Minds	Paper
Cocchiarella (Nino)	On the Logic of Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4
Cooper (Rachel)	Why Hacking is Wrong about Human Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Crane (Tim)	All the Difference in the World	Paper
Daly (Chris)	Defending Promiscuous Realism About Natural Kinds	Paper
Daly (Chris)	Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
Dennett (Daniel)	Conditions of Personhood	Paper		Yes
Doepke (Frederick)	Identity and Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Dupre (John)	Is 'Natural Kind' a Natural Kind Term?	Paper	2, 3
Dupre (John)	The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science	Book	2
Dupre (John)	Wilkerson on Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Elder (Crawford)	Higher and Lower Essential Natures	Paper	2, 3, 4
Ellis (Brian)	Physical realism	Paper	2, 3
Ellis (Brian)	Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties	Paper	2
Ereshefsky (Marc)	Bridging the Gap between Human Kinds and Biological Kinds	Paper
Fales (Evan)	Essentialism and the elementary constituents of matter	Paper
Fales (Evan)	Natural Kinds and Freaks of Nature	Paper	2
Ferner (Adam)	Metaphysics and biology: a critique of David Wiggins’ account of personal identity	Paper
French (Peter)	Kinds and Persons	Paper	2
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Lewis, 'New Work for a Theory of Universals'	Paper
Ginet (Carl) & Shoemaker (Sydney)	Knowledge and Mind	Book
Gomez-Torrente (Mario)	Rigidity and Essentiality	Paper
Gray (Richard)	Cognitive modules, synaesthesia and the constitution of psychological natural kinds	Paper
Griffiths (Paul)	Cladistic classification and functional explanation	Paper	2
Griffiths (Paul)	Darwinism, Process Structuralism, and Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4
Griffiths (Paul)	Emotions as Natural and Normative Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4
Hacking (Ian)	How 'Natural' are 'Kinds' of Sexual Orientation?	Paper	2, 3
Haggqvist (Soren)	The Case Against	Paper	2
Hains (Brigid) & Hains (Paul)	Aeon: 2019+	Paper		Yes
Harnish (Robert M.)	Basic Topics in the Philosophy of Language: Introduction	Paper		Yes
Haslam (Nick O.)	Natural Kinds, Human Kinds, and Essentialism	Paper
Haukioja (Jussi)	Semantic Externalism and A Priori Self-Knowledge	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander)	What are Natural Kinds?	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Hershenov (David)	Embryos, Four-Dimensionalism and Moral Status	Paper
Hirsch (Eli)	Minds and Bodies: Introduction	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Hirsch (Eli)	The Concept of Identity	Book		Yes
Hughes (Christopher)	Kripke: Names, Necessity, and Identity	Book	2
Hughes (Christopher)	Names	Paper
Jackson (Frank)	Locke-ing onto Content	Paper
Kahane (Howard)	Thomason on Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Kaplan (David)	Demonstratives	Paper
Kim (Jaegwon)	Moral Kinds and Natural Kinds: What's the Difference: For a Naturalist?	Paper
Kitcher (Patricia)	Natural Kinds and Unnatural Persons	Paper	2
Kitts (David B.) & Kitts (David J.)	Biological Species as Natural Kinds	Paper	2
Kornblith (Hilary)	Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground - an Essay in Naturalistic Epistemology	Book	2, 3, 4, 5
Kornblith (Hilary)	Naturalizing Epistemology	Book
Kornblith (Hilary)	Our Native Inferential Tendencies	Paper	2
Kornblith (Hilary)	Real Kinds in Nature	Paper
Kornblith (Hilary)	The Naturalistic Project in Epistemology	Paper
Kripke (Saul)	Naming and Necessity: Lecture III	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Ladyman (James), Ross (Don), Spurrett (David) & Collier (John)	Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized	Book
LaPorte (Joseph)	Does a type specimen necessarily or contingently belong to its species?	Paper
LaPorte (Joseph)	Essential Membership	Paper	2
LaPorte (Joseph)	In search of pigeonholes	Paper	2
LaPorte (Joseph)	Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change	Book	2
Lewis (David)	Convention	Book
Lockwood (Michael)	When Does a Life Begin?	Paper		Yes
Lowe (E.J.)	Categories and Kinds	Paper
Marcus (Ruth Barcan)	Essential Attribution	Paper
Martin (Robert)	It's not that easy being grue	Paper
McGinn (Colin)	The Problem of Consciousness: Essays Towards a Resolution	Book
Meincke (Anne Sophie)	Human Persons – A Process View	Paper		Yes
Mellor (D.H.)	Natural Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Mueller (Axel)	Natural Kinds and Projectible Predicates	Paper	2, 3
Mumford (Stephen)	Kinds, Essences, Powers	Paper	2
Okasha (Samir)	Darwinian Metaphysics: Species And The Question Of Essentialism	Paper
Olson (Eric)	Persistence	Paper		Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? Animals	Paper	2	Yes
Olson (Eric)	What Are We? The Question	Paper	2	Yes
Preti (Consuelo)	On Kripke	Book
Putman (Daniel)	Natural Kinds and Human Artifacts	Paper	2, 3, 4
Putnam (Hilary)	The Meaning of 'Meaning'	Paper
Quine (W.V.)	Identity: an Excerpt From Quiddities	Paper		Yes
Quine (W.V.)	Natural Kinds	Paper	2
Read (Rupert) & Sharrock (Wes)	Thomas Kuhn's Misunderstood Relation to Kripke-Putnam Essentialism	Paper	2
Reid (Jasper)	Kripke on Naming and Necessity (Course Notes)	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Reimer (Marga)	Reference	Paper
Resnick (Lawrence)	Empiricism and Natural Kinds	Paper
Ruse (Michael)	Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What?	Paper	2
Russell (Bertrand)	Human Knowledge - Its Scope and Limits	Book
Salmon (Nathan)	Reference and Essence - Prefaces & Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	Yes
Salmon (Nathan)	Reference and the Necessary A Posteriori	Paper
Schwartz (Stephen P.)	Kinds, General Terms, and Rigidity: A Reply to LaPorte	Paper
Schwartz (Stephen P.)	Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds: Introduction	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5
Schwartz (Stephen P.)	Natural Kinds and Nominal Kinds	Paper	2, 3
Schwartz (Stephen P.), Ed.	Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds	Book
Sider (Ted)	Against Vague Existence	Paper	2
Sider (Ted)	Replies to Gallois, Hirsch and Markosian	Paper
Slater (Matthew H.)	Monism on the One Hand, Pluralism on the Other	Paper
Smith (Quentin)	Marcus, Kripke, and the Origin of The New Theory of Reference	Paper
Smyth (Richard)	Nature does not care	Paper		Yes
Snowdon (Paul)	Some Questions about Animals	Paper	2
Sosa (Ernest)	Existential Relativity	Paper
Splitter (Lawrance J.)	Species and Identity	Paper
Thomason (Richmond H.)	Species, Determinates and Natural Kinds	Paper
Todman (Theo)	Review - Daniel Dennett – Conditions of Personhood	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Androids	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Artifacts	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 02 (What Are We?)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 03 (What is a Person?)	Paper	2	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 04 (Basic Metaphysical Issues)	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 06 (Animalism and Arguments for It)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Chapter 10 (Thought Experiments)	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Concepts	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Convention	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Dracula	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Homo Sapiens	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Kinds	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Person	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Personal Identity	Paper	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18	Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Phase Sortals	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Self	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Semantics	Paper		Yes
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Universals	Paper		Yes
Uzgalis (William)	The Anti-Essential Locke and Natural Kinds	Paper	2
Wiggins (David)	Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as Natural Kind	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Putnam's Concept of Natural Kind Words and Frege's Doctrines of Sense, Reference, and Extension: Can They Cohere?	Paper
Wiggins (David)	Sameness and Substance	Book	2
Wiggins (David)	Sameness and Substance Renewed	Book
Wiggins (David)	Sortal Concepts: and the Characteristic Activity or Function or Purpose of their Compliants	Paper
Wiggins (David)	Sortal Concepts: and the Characteristic Activity or Function or Purpose of their Compliants (S&S)	Paper
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Individual Essences	Paper
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds	Book
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds	Paper
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds	Book
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Recent Work on Natural Kinds	Paper	2
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Species, Essences and the Names of Natural Kinds	Paper	2
Wilkerson (T.E.)	The Names of Kinds	Paper
Wilkes (Kathleen)	_____, yishi, duh, um, and consciousness	Paper
Wilkes (Kathleen)	Thought Experiments	Paper		Yes
Williams (Paul)	Response to Mark Siderits' Review	Paper
Wilson (Jack)	Beyond Horses and Oak Trees: A New Theory of Individuation for Living Entities	Paper	2, 3, 4	Yes
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book		Yes
Wilson (Jack)	The Biological and Philosophical Roots of Individuality	Paper	2, 3	Yes
Wilson (Robert)	Promiscuous Realism	Paper
Wimsatt (William)	Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionisms	Paper
Wolterstorff (Nicholas P.)	Toward an Ontology of Art Works	Paper

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References & Reading List

Author	Title	Medium	Source	Read?
Arnold (Keith)	The Subject of Radical Change	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4 (May, 1978), pp. 395-401	Yes
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke (Vol 2 - Ontology)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Ayers (Michael R.) - Locke (Vol 2 - Ontology)	26%
Ayers (Michael R.)	Locke Versus Aristotle on Natural Kinds	Paper - Cited	Journal of Philosophy, 78.5 (May 1981), 247-272	No
Ayers (Michael R.)	Part II: God, Nature and the Law of Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Ayers - Locke (Vol. 2 - Ontology), 1991, Part II, pp. 131-204	No
Baillie (James)	Identity, Survival, and Sortal Concepts	Paper - Cited	Philosophical Quarterly, 1990, Vol. 40 Issue 159, p183-194, 12p	Yes
Baillie (James)	Problems in Personal Identity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	45%
Baillie (James)	What Am I?	Paper - Cited	Baillie (James) - Problems in Personal Identity, 1993, Chapter 4	Yes
Bird (Alexander) & Tobin (Emma)	Natural Kinds	Paper - Cited	Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2008-17	50%
Brody (Baruch)	Natural Kinds and Real Essences	Paper - Cited	Journal of Philosophy 64, No. 14, Jul. 20, 1967, pp. 431-446	No
Brown (Jessica)	Natural Kind Terms and Recognitional Capacities	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind - 107/426 (April 1998)	No
Charland (Louis C.)	The Natural Kind Status of Emotion	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 53, Number 4, December 2002, pp. 511-537(27)	No
Cocchiarella (Nino)	On the Logic of Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 43, No. 2. (Jun., 1976), pp. 202-222.	No
Cooper (Rachel)	Why Hacking is Wrong about Human Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 55, Number 1, March 2004, pp. 73-85(13)	No
Daly (Chris)	Defending Promiscuous Realism About Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly 46, No. 185 (Oct., 1996), pp. 496-500	No
Daly (Chris)	Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 105, Number 419, July 1996, pp. 514-517(4)	No
Doepke (Frederick)	Identity and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly, 1992, Vol. 42 Issue 166, p89, 6p	17%
Dupre (John)	In Defence of Classification	Paper - By Subtopic	Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci., Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 203–219, 2001	No
Dupre (John)	Is 'Natural Kind' a Natural Kind Term?	Paper - By Subtopic	Monist; Jan2002, Vol. 85 Issue 1, p29, 21p	No
Dupre (John)	Natural Kinds and Biological Taxa	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Review 90, No. 1. (Jan., 1981), pp. 66-90	No
Dupre (John)	The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science	Book - Cited	Dupre (John) - The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science	No
Dupre (John)	Wilkerson on Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy 64 1989, pp. 248-251	No
Dupre (John) & O'Malley (Maureen A.)	Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Theoretical Biology (2009) 1:e003	No
Elder (Crawford)	Review. Natural kinds. T.E. Wilkerson	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 57, No. 1. (Mar., 1997), pp. 239-241	No
Ereshefsky (Marc)	Bridging the Gap between Human Kinds and Biological Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 71 Dec2004, Issue 5, p912-921, 10p	No
Fales (Evan)	Natural Kinds and Freaks of Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 49, No. 1. (Mar., 1982), pp. 67-90	No
Fodor (Jerry)	Concepts - Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Fodor (Jerry) - Concepts - Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong	No
Fodor (Jerry)	Innateness and Ontology, Part II: Natural Kind Concepts	Paper - By Subtopic	Fodor - Concepts - Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong, Chapter 7	No
Funkhouser (Eric)	Metaphysics, Spring 2014	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	94%
Funkhouser (Eric)	Notes on Quine, 'Natural Kinds'	Paper - By Subtopic	Funkhouser (Eric) - Metaphysics, Spring 2014	No
Griffiths (Paul)	Darwinism, Process Structuralism, and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 63, Supplement. Proceedings of the 1996 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association. Part I: Contributed Papers (Sep., 1996), pp. S1-S9	No
Griffiths (Paul)	Emotions as Natural and Normative Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 71 Dec2004, Issue 5, p901-911, 11p	No
Haslam (Nick O.)	Natural Kinds, Human Kinds, and Essentialism	Paper - By Subtopic	Social Research; Summer98, Vol. 65 Issue 2, p291-314, 24p	No
Hawley (Katherine) & Bird (Alexander)	What are Natural Kinds?	Paper - Cited	St. Andrews' Website; Philosophical Perspectives 25.1 (2011), 205-221.	17%
Hirsch (Eli)	Natural Kinds and Natural Units	Paper - Cited	Hirsch - The Concept of Identity, 1982, Chapter 9	Yes
Hirsch (Eli)	The Concept of Identity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary)	Organisms and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Hoffman & Rosenkrantz - Substance: Its Nature and Existence, Appendix. Pp. 188-191	No
Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary)	Substance: Its Nature and Existence	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Hoffman (Joshua) & Rosenkrantz (Gary) - Substance: Its Nature and Existence	No
Kahane (Howard)	Thomason on Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Nous, 3, No. 4. (Nov., 1969), pp. 409-412	No
Khalidi (Muhammad Ali)	Natural Kinds and Crosscutting Categories	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 95, No. 1, Jan., 1998, pp. 33-50	No
Kim (Jaegwon)	Moral Kinds and Natural Kinds: What's the Difference: For a Naturalist?	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Issues, Vol. 8, Truth. (1997), pp. 293-301	No
Kitcher (Patricia)	Natural Kinds and Unnatural Persons	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy - 54:541-547 (1979)	No
Kitts (David B.) & Kitts (David J.)	Biological Species as Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy of Science 46, No. 4 (Dec., 1979), pp. 613-622	No
Kornblith (Hilary)	Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground - an Essay in Naturalistic Epistemology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Kornblith (Hilary) - Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground - an Essay in Naturalistic Epistemology	No
Kornblith (Hilary)	Locke and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Kornblith - Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground, 1995, Chapter 2	No
Kornblith (Hilary)	Naturalizing Epistemology	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Kornblith (Hilary) - Naturalizing Epistemology	No
Kornblith (Hilary)	Real Kinds in Nature	Paper - By Subtopic	Kornblith - Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground, 1995, Chapter 3	No
Koslicki (Kathrin)	Natural Kinds and Natural Kind Terms	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophy Compass 3/4 (2008): 789–802	17%
Kripke (Saul)	Naming and Necessity	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	Yes
Kripke (Saul)	Naming and Necessity: Lecture III	Paper - Cited	Kripke - Naming and Necessity, 1980, Chapter 3	Yes
LaPorte (Joseph)	Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	LaPorte (Joseph) - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change	No
LaPorte (Joseph)	Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	LaPorte - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change, 2003, Introduction	No
LaPorte (Joseph)	Natural Kinds, Rigidity, and Essence	Paper - By Subtopic	LaPorte - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change, 2003, Chapter 2	No
LaPorte (Joseph)	What Is a Natural Kind, and Do Biological Taxa Qualify	Paper - By Subtopic	LaPorte - Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change, 2003, Chapter 1	No
Lizza (John)	Persons: Natural, Functional, or Ethical Kind?	Paper - By Subtopic	The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 66, No. 1, The Challenges of Globalization: Rethinking Nature, Culture, and Freedom (Jan., 2007), pp. 195-216	No
Madell (Geoffrey)	The Identity of the Self	Book - Cited	Madell (Geoffrey) - The Identity of the Self	No
Markman (Ellen)	Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Kornblith - Naturalizing Epistemology	No
Mellor (D.H.)	Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 28, No. 4, Dec., 1977, pp. 299-312	No
Monck (W.H.S.)	Mill's Doctrine of Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 12, No. 48. (Oct., 1887), pp. 637-640	No
Mueller (Axel)	Natural Kinds and Projectible Predicates	Paper - By Subtopic	Sorites 1, April 1995; 13-45	No
Putman (Daniel)	Natural Kinds and Human Artifacts	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 91, No. 363 (Jul., 1982), pp. 418-419	No
Quine (W.V.)	Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Quine - Ontological Relativity	19%
Quine (W.V.)	Ontological Relativity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Quine (W.V.) - Ontological Relativity	5%
Reid (Jasper)	Kripke on Naming and Necessity (Course Notes)	Paper - Cited	Aberdeen University Website, copy taken 25 July 2017	Yes
Resnick (Lawrence)	Empiricism and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Journal of Philosophy 57, No. 17 (Aug., 1960), pp. 555-559	No
Rorty (Amélie Oksenberg), Ed.	The Identities of Persons	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	23%
Ruse (Michael)	Biological Species: Natural Kinds, Individuals, or What?	Paper - By Subtopic	British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38, No. 2 (Jun., 1987), pp. 225-242	No
Sainsbury (Mark), Ed.	Mind - 107/426 (April 1998)	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Sainsbury (Mark), Ed. - Mind - 107/426 (April 1998)	No
Salmon (Nathan)	Putnam’s Theory of Natural Kind Terms	Paper - By Subtopic	Salmon - Reference and Essence, 2005, Chapter 4	No
Salmon (Nathan)	Reference and Essence	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Salmon (Nathan) - Reference and Essence	4%
Salmon (Nathan)	Reference and Essence	Book - Cited (via Paper Cited)	Bibliographical details to be supplied	4%
Salmon (Nathan)	Reference and Essence - Prefaces & Introduction	Paper - Cited	Salmon - Reference and Essence, 2005, Prefaces & Introduction	Yes
Schwartz (Stephen P.)	Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds: Introduction	Paper - By Subtopic	Schwartz (Stephen P.), Ed. - Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds	2%
Schwartz (Stephen P.)	Natural Kinds and Nominal Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 89, No. 354 (Apr., 1980), pp. 182-195	No
Schwartz (Stephen P.), Ed.	Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Schwartz (Stephen P.), Ed. - Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds	1%
Sider (Ted)	Naturalness and Arbitrariness	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Studies 81 (1996): 283–301	11%
Sider (Ted)	Naturalness, Intrinsicality, and Duplication	Paper - By Subtopic	Ted Sider's Website: Sider's unpublished PhD Dissertation.	3%
Sober (Elliott)	Natural Kind	Paper - By Subtopic	Kim & Sosa - A Companion to Metaphysics	No
Sperber (Dan)	Seedless grapes: Nature and culture	Paper - By Subtopic	Birkbeck Philosophy Society, 25th February 2003	No
Thomason (Richmond H.)	Species, Determinates and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Nous, 3, No. 1. (Feb., 1969), pp. 95-101	No
Todman (Theo)	Birkbeck Philosophy Society - 2002/2003 Programme	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Todman (Theo) - Birkbeck Philosophy Society - 2002/2003 Programme	2%
Todman (Theo)	Thesis - Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic		Yes
Towry (M.H.)	On the Doctrine of Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Mind, 12, No. 47 (Jul., 1887), pp. 434-438	No
Uzgalis (William)	The Anti-Essential Locke and Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly, 1988, Vol. 38 Issue 152, p330-339, 10p	No
Wiggins (David)	Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	Book - By Subtopic (via Paper By Subtopic)	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	14%
Wiggins (David)	Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: And Men as Natural Kind	Paper - Cited	Philosophy, Vol. 51, No. 196 (Apr., 1976), pp. 131-158	Yes
Wiggins (David)	Putnam's Concept of Natural Kind Words and Frege's Doctrines of Sense, Reference, and Extension: Can They Cohere?	Paper - By Subtopic	Wiggins (David) - Continuants: Their Activity, Their Being, and Their Identity	17%
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds	Book - Cited	Wilkerson (T.E.) - Natural Kinds	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilkerson - Natural Kinds, 1995, Chapter 2	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Natural Kinds - Problems	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilkerson - Natural Kinds, 1995, Chapter 3	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Recent Work on Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Books; Oct1998, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p225, 9p	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Species and Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Wilkerson - Natural Kinds, 1995, Chapter 5	No
Wilkerson (T.E.)	Species, Essences and the Names of Natural Kinds	Paper - By Subtopic	Philosophical Quarterly, 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 170, p1, 19p	No
Wilson (Jack)	Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Book - Cited	Wilson (Jack) - Biological Individuality - The identity and Persistence of Living Entities	Yes

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